فصلنامه سیاست
سال سی و نهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 9، بهار 1388)

Despite some stable factors in Iran’s foreign policy, It has changed dramatically toward Israel after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. It was the case while these two countries had intensive strategic military and even economic relations before the Islamic revolution. The main question this article seeks to answer is that among IR theory which of them can better explain this change in Iran’s foreign policy. The article, using the constructivist approach in IR, seeks to show that, constitution Islamic of republic of Iran’s interests and it’s foreign orientations can be traced back to the way Islamic regimes identity is constructed. To this purpose, in the first section, the article looks at constructivism in IR and then examines the role of this approach in foreign policy analyses. Finally the article tries to apply constructivism approach to the analyses of Iran’s foreign policy to Israel.

Democracy is a modern model that united nations, governments, nations, in the last decade of twenty century have started that to prevent war, violence and it was due to of creation of international peace and security. Requirement to know different dimensions of the subject of tendency of current research, as consideration of globalization of democracy and its effects for international peace was aimed. The questions of research are mentioned bellow:1. Can the globalization of democracy bring international peace and security?2. Will the globalization of democracy causes some changes in the international rights?For the key concepts of research that means globalization & democracy and peace and security, some definitions are available that are mentioned in these writings. The tools of this are used for the research and some outlooks from the sources have been taken and events and dimensions research of subject have been analyzed and they are related to the first question and the duties and the usages of different aspects of united nations a and processes of governments have been studied and the investigations show that the results in the united nations is that peace and security is an important part. And some councils in these filed have been established and these councils due to the role of democracy in some countries, knows it as a peace matter and role and it can be added to the regulations and the execution processes.But analyzing data is for the purpose to answer the second question and the method of changes in the triple-concepts which is the main right of choosing the desting for nations and the main reasons for the lack of using of violence in the international relations and the note lack of interpretation in the domestic affairs of countries. And due to globalization of democracy some conclusions have been taken that are in the field of changes for these concepts and by some actions of governments, united nations and international tribunal or court of Ministry of Justice and doctrine are being formed. Even though different dimensions, in the level of international points will be cared more. And in response to the third question first the framework of practical theory can be mentioned that in the recent two centuries because of economical and technology changes and the aspects of globalization method have been connected to each other in a way that no government have the right to accept or can accept so much damages. Since the countries that are in the process of globalization of democracy and make some changes in these fields can be called the developing countries. These kinds of countries are under some crisis such as the crisis of identity and the crisis of rights. And then the analyzing the data in relation to power role in globalization of politic, culture, economical have been mentioned and globalization in the case of being a process or a project it can be a tool against others the Islamic Republic of Iran can by having an exact knowledge and realistic outlock and the aspects that are being formed and international method and by using of legally capacities, religion and national cultures and values and by performing the matters of democracy and people-heading of religion have so many improvements. In this case Iran would definitely have some so much benefit and the threads will be changed to some opportunities. And the results of opinions and comments that are related to the questions of this research absolutely match each other. And in the last second of research the actions have been done for collecting the texts and statements of findings of research and discussion and interpretation of data and conclusion of articles and suggestions that are available in this research and the suggestion for searcher are provided.

Marx as one of great philosophers of history believes that state is the temporal that is created of classes which finally don,t need to the presence and human historic period begins during decline of capitalism.this article only proceed the end of state after collapse of capitalism and discuss it in two parts one is proletarian dictatorship and after this course.we have shown that in two stages state situation completely differ with which have in our mind these days.because we confront with a strong state at first and a very small state in second.finally we consider relationship between these and democracy as one of the most important element of modern state.

The meaning theory of LUCLA and MOUFFE and their theory of sociology are very integrated. The sphere of society is like Sinology system in which each sign wants to find it’s meaning. To obtain this, they challenge each other. The social sign system and it’s related concepts such as signifier and signified try to define the word in it’s specific approach. So it can identify the social subjects and social groups. to do this, it needs to divided the society into bipolar system, in other word, it make antagonistic attitude to ward society and under it’s shadow private and public life of people will be explained.This paper aims to concentrate on two scholars thought. i.e. LUCLA and MOUFFE in this regard. it means Discourse theory toward social theory and vice versa.

This research is to survey the relationship between foreign policy of I.R.R. and perspective document in reaching regional superior power. For the first time, in this document, regional approach has been put forwarded. The concept of regional superior power in the document has been taken from two reaching to upper place of scientific, technology, economics, and an effective constructing interaction in foreign relations. The aim of this paper is to investigate foreign policy challenges in adopting constructive approach in Iran's foreign policy. Therefore, in the first part of this paper, it is pointed out to meanings and idioms of outlook. In the second phase, the background of regionalism in Iran's foreign policy before and after the Islamic revolution has been taken into consideration. In the third phase, the concept of dimensional challenges of Iran's regional power has been surveyed. In the final part, a short assessment of ninth government's foreign policy in relation to implement of outlook document has been put forwarded.

Reformism discourse was organized according to a set of non- homogeneous theories and because it was a combination of traditional teachings of Islam and teachings of modern liberalism simultaneously, it didn’t have any theoretical integrity. Immediate integration of reformers during the election was dues to a historical necessity of opposition against conservatisms, candidate who considered himself as the definite winner of the election. By gathering diffused votes, and making a wide political wing. Reformers wanted to be present in political theater and transfer their voices to the society. However, they didn’t develop any definite strategy to reach a political convergence or coalition. The unwritten integrity was made around khatami, but after the unbelievable victory, differences emerged gradually. These differences being made due to the non- homogeneous theories of this Discourse, were about intellectual foundations and various political and executive methods in reform wing. Wide and narrow, democratic or traditional interpretations of the Constitution, as well as power division and the use of political power of the president, parliament and city council were formed in the society. Reformism movement was being drawn in every direction by individuals or groups and lost its integration. Therefore the way was paved for theoretical development and change of political methods. Here we study the process of the collapse of reformers integrity on the basis of a theoretical approach.

History means research on events that at a certain time have been taken into account, observed and kept in mind by researchers and has built a structure of the story about same events. Reality is greater than history and in terms of number exceeds it highly. This leads into identity generating. In this sense, identity is a criterion that historical event can be studied based on it. As we speak of identity as a process, indeed, we have spoke of the continuity of phenomenon having become historical in response to the questions of a people, group, ethno or nation about his past. With reviewing four historical works, writer has sought to study the factor of Iranian identity in historical reports of Qajar era.

Christian Zionism, as an extremist Christian movement, based on certain literal interpretations of the Holy Scripture, tend to materialize its deterministic prophetical beliefs so that to provide the ground for the reappearance of the Christ at the end of the world. On the basis of this, the movement believes that men ought to pass seven phases or destinies which will lead to the reappearance of the Christ.Christian Zionism is rooted in the Protestantism and Puritanism, since, before this era and at the time of domination of Catholic Church, the Jews were regarded as the killers of the Christ. But, with the emergence of Protestantism, this religious reform movement-under the leadership of Martin Luther-by expounding the Hebrew roots of Christianity, praised the Jews and this tradition was then followed by different sects of Judaism, especially Puritanism.In this article, we will try to investigate the origins of Christian Zionism and its fundamental beliefs so that to provide the ground to know the movement better.

A response to the problem of irans backwardness preoccupied the minds of intellectual and Political forces. Since irans failure from russia while different domestic and external factors caused to defeat, differend and even contending views concerning Irans backwardness played a key role in these failures. These diverse and contending views which arised at first in compilation of laws and establishment of civic and political institutions, after the constitutional revolution, caused a major challenge between tradition and modernity. In this regard, different trends which appeared immediately after the constitutional revolution and kept their structure till present, can be categorized in three items including: modernism (consisting liberal democracy, social democracy and Marxism), traditionalism (including conservatism, theologism and egalitarianism or justice-centrism) and religions revivalism. This article examines these categories and explains their response to the issue of modernity and backwardness.

Justise is a Word-a Concept and a Phenomenon. The Phenomenon- Concept and Word of Justise is like Politics very easy and at the same time very difficult. Political Justise is Justise in Politics and justly Politics. Political Justise - Justise in Politics and justly Politics is equilibrium between or middle Economic Development and Cultural Transcendental. Transcendental Justise is in front of and against of dis- Transcendental and ordinary Justise or natural Justise and too one dimension Justise and is higher of it. Ordinary or natural and one in dimension Justise is material Justise. Pure material Justise in fact is not Justise. But is external and partial or littele Justise and is imperfect or defective and contradicting Justise or in Justise. Even is likeness and misgiving(of) Justise. Means injustice or opperassion and cruelty. Transcendental Justise is perfect and coherence Justise or perfection and coherence in Justise.

The concept of Shoura (council), and the relationship between Shoura and Democracy, has a key role in development of religious modernist debates in Muslim world. The “General theory of Shoura” is one of these theories on Islamic Democracy that provided and developed by Dr. Towfiq Mohammad al-Shavi(birth, 1918/Egypt). The three aspects of his theory are: 1) the religious basis of Shoura that provide an Islamic foundation for political modernity; 2) the definition of Shoura as a social rule in the human action; 3) The separation between the council and the deliberation in Islamic sacred texts.This third point is the radiant face of the general theory of Shoura. Al-Shavi has attempt to separate the Shoura as an institute, or as council, from the Shoura as a voluntary deliberation, in Islamic jurisprudence (Fiqh). It seem that al-Shavi`s theory of Shoura have very conceptual imminence to the theories of “Deliberative Democracy” in the west.

This article describes and explains some theoretical challenges to political ideologies and seeks to offer some proper responses to these challenges. In this regard, the following ideas are concentrated:1)The political ideologies have their own subjective and objective motives and their own cognitive basics. The more these motives and basics change the more the political ideologies modifies. If the political ideologies don’t follow their motivational and cognitive foundations, they will be transformed to dogmatism or theoretical alienation. 2)Dogmatism and theoretical alienation are rooted in A) Development of communication with dogmatist and alienated persons B) Power relations C) Communicative limits D) Irrationality E) Mental desire to Stability.3)To overwhelm the challenges of dogmatism and theoretical alienation the above mentioned variables should be frustrated (in individual and group level) and democratic mechanisms should be developed (in the governmental level). The ideology of Iranian Islamic Revolution has been the case study for the empirical considerations of this paper.

Islamic revolution of Iran in 1357 united many groups,social castes and associations with different beliefs which all were oppossed to the Shah’s regime. Islamic revolution of Iran like other revolutions did not preserve this coalition and after wining the revolution, this coalition did not continue. According to the teories of Kerin Berinton, after a revolution’s victory, moderates come to work. But after while, they are accused of patoromizing the old regime and wing the revolutionary methods by the radicals. Consequently, the radicals win over moderates and take full control of the new system. Islamic revolution of Iran is not the exception. The events that occured between Bahman 22, 1357 until Tir 1360, have been the exact reflection of revolutionary struggle in the process of Islamic revolution of Iran. According to this theoretical frame, this study would focus on Banisadr as the last of moderates and Islamic Republic association as Islamicist revolutionaries in favor of drastic and faot changes, and these two interaction.Subsequently this struggle would end is the victory of radicals over Banisadr and the total elimination of them from the power discourse.

From the political sociology point of view, emerging and continuity of modern societies have been a combined with some kind of totalitarianism in west (as the First step of development), modern nation-states, modern revolutions, modern wars, Formation of totalitarian Communism-Fashism, democratic systems, and at least Globalization, terrorism, …. Terrorism phenomena has been deep in glomming because of ontology, epistemology, and political sociology, and has been the base of bilateralism and unharmonize Function of national and international political power side. And accordingly this situation has made some kind of disturbance in social and political systems and international relations as a whole. In this research, we take for garented the rise of terrorism by statistic, and the next step Refer to ontology of terrorism according to scholars and polititions point of view. The take for garented that with the falling down of capability of states, sociopolitical movements rise up in national, international, and even global level, and from this prespective, we study terrorism phenomena in level of analysis in which sociopolitical movements formed. At last, we study the function of terrorism mechanism from rational choice point of view.

According to methodology of textual reading, commentator finds out the meaning of any text solely with concentrating to the very text. This methodology based on two basic presumptions: one that, text is a sufficient object with independent world and commentator enables to understand the meaning of text without that we know the intention of author and the historical-social context of it’s genesis too. Other that, texts especially classic texts, entails fundamental and abiding questions and universal-dateless ideas that human being has been permanently faced with them in history. Skinner by criticize and rejecting of two mentioned presumption, criticizes methodology of textual reading and shows the inadequacy of it in understanding of political thoughts. In this article, the author analyses and criticizes methodology of textual reading and skinner’s critic on it. Consequently, in this way, we can extrapolate useful and advantageous points which help us in understanding of political concepts and ideas either positively or negatively.

The European countrie's stances towards Bush's pre-emptive war were hard. This has been caused by some factors; first, the political European tradition of balance of power in regional and international system is still continuing. Second, the pre-emptive war has led to an increase of U.S mobility power in European security field. And at last the pre-emptive war has led to fractions and different political stances.While America began the war in Iraq as unilateral strike and without any world coalition and multilateralism, European countries reacted against the Iraq war. They appraised American policy as a new form of international reaction after the World War 2.The main question of this article is about the European reaction against Bushspre-emptive war. Although U.S and European countries are deeply familiar with Realistic approaches and enforcing power in international politics, they have accepted multilateralism and solidarity between great powers.European countries argue that if America continues the pre-emptive war, regional states will resist the U.S policy. This process will decline U.S power and increase security crises in regional fields. This process has begun since 2003. The pre-emptive war has segregated western coalitions, so they have criticized U.S policy at different levels.

The book titled “Bases of politics” is the original text for students of Bachelor of political sciences which is taught in a three-unit course. This compilation has been introduced as the best reference for Bases of politics course and Master of Science exam. We first introduce this text and assert its assumptions and then evaluate and criticize in contain and formal manner and finally after presenting a modified table of contents, we recommend a number of corrections in contain and formal manner.