فهرست مطالب

Plant Production - Volume:4 Issue: 1, Jan 2010

International Journal of Plant Production
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Jan 2010

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1388/07/10
  • تعداد عناوین: 9
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  • Hashemi M Page 1
    Light intensity intercepted by the soybean canopy during the reproductive period is an important environmental factor determining soybean yield components and grain yield. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of light enrichment and its interaction with planting density on yield formation of soybean cultivars. Light enrichment increased seed yield per plant and yield per unit area dramatically ranging from 26-94% (P<0.05) regardless of density and cultivars at lower and moderate density however the yield increase effect was not observed in H339 and HN35 at the high density in 2007. Seed yield and pod number per plant declined with the increased density in 2007 for all cultivars but remained unchanged in 2008 for KN18. There was significant light enrichment-by-density (P<0.05) on yield per plant and pod number per plant، but not on seed number per pod and seed size across the two years. Yield sensitivity to light enrichment differed among soybean cultivars. Adjustments to light enrichment imposed at the early flowering R1 stage increased pod number. Pod number per plant increased 20-119% over the two-years. Seed size in this study was unchanged or reduced slightly by light enrichment. Our data suggest that clarification of mechanisms induced the greatest yields in high population as demonstrated under light enriched conditions may provide insights for crop management and phenotypic improvement.
    Keywords: Light enrichment, Planting density, Soybean canopy, Yield components
  • Amri A., Kahrizi D., Mohammadi R., Armion M Page 11
    The main objective of this research was to evaluate fifteen durum wheat (Triticum durum) genotypes selected from joint project of Iran/ICARDA for drought tolerance using several indices. The trials were conducted under moderate levels of drought stress for three cropping seasons (2004-2006) in four locations in the highlands western of Iran. The combined ANOVA for grain yield over years and locations indicated significant differences among main effects (genotypes، years، locations) and their interactions. Principal component (PC) analysis based on the Spearman’s rank correlation matrix revealed that the screening methods were significantly inter-correlated with each other and can be classified into three groups; The first group included stress susceptible index (SSI) ، tolerance index (TOL) and yield stability index (YSI) where had significantly negative correlation with mean grain yield under supplemental irrigation condition and were able to identify drought resistant genotypes with low yielding performance. The second group reflects the drought tolerance indices including stress tolerance index (STI) ، geometric mean productivity (GMP) ، mean productivity (MP) and superiority index (Pi) which were appear to identify the high yielding semi-dwarf genotypes (G6، G4 and G3) with high drought tolerance. The parameters of relative adaptability to drought (bN) ، regression intercept (a) and regression coefficient (b) are in third group which were able to distinguish the genotypes G6، G5 and G10 with high adaptability and relative drought resistant. The final conclusion of this study is to reveal that not only genotypes but also screening methods can be classified into distinct groups considering different concepts of drought tolerance، resistance and susceptibility under mild drought stress.
    Keywords: Durum wheat, Mild drought, Principal component analysis, Rank correlation, Screening methods
  • Narayanasamy G., Roshani G. A Page 25
    In a pot culture experiment، the root length density، potassium concentration in crop، and total K uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum var. HD 2285) at different growth stages (CRIS-Crown Root Initiation Stage، MTS-Maximum Tillering Stage، FLS-Flag Leaf Stage and DFS-Dough Formation Stage) were determined. Wheat crop was grown in 72 pots containing 4. 5 kg of three types of soils، namely Alfisol، Vertisol، and Inceptisol. Pots were divided into two sets، that is، with 50 mg kg-1 K as basal and another 50 mg kg-1 was top dressed at 45 days after sowing and without potassium. Optimum doses of N، P and other macro-and micro-nutrients were given to the crop. At different stages of wheat growth (22، 41، 69، and 87 days after germination) ، the shoot was harvested and the soil in the pot was screened carefully under moist condition to collect total roots and measuring the root volume and mean root diameter. Using root volume and mean diameter of root، total root length and then root length density were calculated. Results show that the wheat dry matter yields increased gradually with crop age and it was more in Inceptisol followed by Vertisol and Alfisol. Potassium deficiency decreased total root length (TRL) and root length density (RLD) in the last stages of wheat growth particularly in Vertisol and Alfisol. Potassium concentration in wheat at different stages of crop growth was found to be less in Alfisol than in Vertisol and Inceptisol. At different stages of wheat growth، potassium uptake (mg pot-1) was found to be less in Alfisol than in Vertisol and Inceptisol. The uptake values increased sharply with the age of the crop up to 69 days after germination (FLS) ، but the rate of potassium accumulation showed a gradual decrease thereafter، in soils، which received optimum amount of potassium.
    Keywords: Growth stages, Potassium, Root length density, Total root length, Wheat crop
  • Narayanasamy G., Roshani G. A Page 33
    Root influx parameters (Vmax and Km) of wheat (Triticum aestivum var. HD-2285) were determined at different stages of crop growth، viz. CRIS-Crown Root Initiation Stage، MTS-Maximum Tillering Stage، FLS-Flag Leaf Stage and DFS-Dough Formation Stage. Wheat was grown in sand medium with Hoagland nutrient solution (all nutrients except potassium). Plants were taken out from sand culture at 22، 41، 69، and 87 days after germination (DAG) and placed in a specially designed assembly of flowing solution in laboratory and greenhouse. The nutrient solution allowed to flow into the culture vessel in a regulated manner by means of a separating funnel. Fresh Hoagland solutions having five different concentration of K (0. 051، 0. 154، 0. 256، 0. 333، and 0. 410 mM) were added drop-wise on the funnels at the rate of about 35 μ L s-1 and continuously supplied in five different assemblies. Root influx parameters (Vmax and Km) were determined employing a simple solution culture technique، by measuring the depletion of potassium (input-output concentration) by wheat roots in five nutrient media differing in potassium concentration only. Vmax and Km were calculated with the help of coefficients obtained by fitting the solution K concentration and K uptake rate data on the Michaelis-Menten equation. The Vmax and Km values were decreased with the age of wheat crop. The Vmax was 48. 7 nmol m-2 s-1 at 22 DAG and decreased to 19. 4 nmol m-2 s-1 at 41 DAG، 5. 90 nmol m-2 s-1 at 69 DAG and finally decreased to 4. 21 nmo1m-2 s-1 at 87 days of crop growth; corresponding Km values were 0. 299، 0. 254، 0. 176 and 0. 146 mM، respectively.
    Keywords: Km, and Vmax, Michaelis, Menten constant, Root influx parameter, Wheat
  • Alizadeh M., Patel V. B., Singh S. K Page 41
    The magnitude of demand for planting materials in grape, mainly for rootstock genotypes indicates that micropropagation is inevitably necessary for their mass scale propagation. Therefore, the studies on micropropagation of four genetically different grape rootstocks namely Dogridge (Vitis champini), SO4 (V. riparia× V. berlandieri), H-144 (V. vinifera × V. labrusca) and 3309 C (V. riparia × V. rupestris) were conducted to develop an optimized protocol and to compare in vitro behavior of these genotypes. Culture establishment using nodal segements was enhanced using different growth regulators. Though culture establishment increased using either BAP (Benzyl amino purine) or KIN (Kinetin) but the treatment, 2.0 mgl-1 BAP 0.2 mgl-1 NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) was most effective with regard to enhancement in culture establishment and reduction in time to bud sprouting. Least success (38.31%) in culture establishment was observed for H-144 but it exhibited better vegetative growth and rooting among genotypes, i.e. higher shoot multiplication rate (12 micro-cuttings per culture), highest rooting (87.7%) and early root initiation (11.52 days). Addition of activated charcoal to the rooting medium was found beneficial with respect to enhancement of rooting and minimizing time to root initiation in different genotypes. Among the rootstock genotypes, 3309 C was found most responsive in terms of higher ex vitro plantlet survival (84.95%) during hardening and shorter duration required for ex vitro transfer. These results indicate that multiplication of these grape rootstocks can be performed efficiently by means of direct shoot proliferation using nodal segments from field grown vines. The influence of different factors like culture medium and genotype on the overall micropropagation of grape rootstocks is discussed.
    Keywords: Grapevine, In vitro, Micropropagation, Rootstocks, Vitis
  • Mostafazadeh R., Sadoddin A., Sheikh V., . Halili M. Gh Page 51
    This research has concentrated on the physical and socio-economic impacts of vegetation-based management scenarios targeting on flooding and soil erosion issues in the Ramian watersheds. The Ramian watershed with an approximate area of 24000 ha is located in Golestan, Iran. For each sub-watershed, four biological actions (activities) and 16 management scenarios have been considered. Physical impacts were studied using the SCS (Soil Conservation Service) hydrologic model and the EPM (Erosion Potential Method) model. Economic and social impacts have been evaluated using the cost/benefit analysis and the examination of the results of a social survey, respectively. Some physical, social, and economic indices were chosen and quantified. The indices then were standardised using the interval standardisation technique. Best scenarios were determined using a Multiple-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) technique. To weight the indices, four perspectives were used. For the first three perspectives one of the physical, social and economic criteria were assigned higher weights while for the fourth perspective all criteria were given equal weights. Trade-off analysis of the results indicates that for most sub-watersheds more than one single management solution can be recommended on the basis of the different perspectives. The results showed that the multiple-criteria decision making serves as a valuable tool to represent the watershed system as a whole, to incorporate output from models and expert-judgments to examine the trade-offs among outcomes necessary to decision making.
    Keywords: Integrated watershed management, Multiple, criteria decision making, The Ramian watershed, Vegetation, based scenarios
  • Asgharzade A., Ataii S., Farahani F., Hosseini Mazinani M., Noormohamadi Z., Peyvandi M Page 63
    Root formation and root architecture of olive microshoots, inoculated or not with Pseudomonas fluorescent P19 or P21, were evaluated by measuring of length and the numbers of adventitious and lateral roots. Three-four nodal in vitro shoots were treated with different population densities (0, 105, 108 CFUml-1) of rhizobacteria. The density of 108 CFUmgl-1 induced almost two times increase in number and length of roots per explant, in contrast to that achieved by 105 CFUml-1. Both strains depending on the L.Tryptophan concentration of the bacterial media, strongly affected root growth and architecture. By application of L. Tryptophan up to 10mgl-1 in the media, the length and numbers of adventitious and lateral roots were increased. Bacterial treatments were more efficient than IBA. Moreover different inoculation methods revealed that co-inoculation of the soil and microshoots increased the numbers and length of the roots.
    Keywords: IAA producing rhizobacteria, Micropropagation, Olive
  • Gehlot H. S., Rathore M. S., Shekhawat N. S Page 67
    The “Thar Desert” region of Rajasthan in north-west India is one of the most inhospitable landscapes on earth. The desert has sparse vegetation and the ground surface is exposed to sun, atmosphere and associated physical forces. Ever increasing human and livestock population have put heavy demands for plant products, resulting in over exploitation of well adapted plants. Plants like species of Ceropegia, Caralluma, Calotropis, Leptadenia, Tylophora, Pueraria, Mucuna, Vitex and Sarcostemma are valuable sources of fuel, fodder, timber, medicine, biofertilizer (Endophytic rizobia) and vegetables for sustaining life in the desert. These plants are well adapted to the environment and contribute to the productivity, and keep the system photosynthetically active under all seasons. Attempt has also been made beside tissue culture, to isolate and purify the rhizobacteria associated with important native legumes of this region. These studies are important for sustainable agriculture practices.
    Keywords: Leptadenia, Mucuna pruriens, Pueraria tuberosa, Rhizobia, Tylophora
  • Akbarinia M., Zarafshar M., . Sattarian A Page 73
    Endocarp morphology of 4 species of Iranian Celtis was examined using light and scanning electron microscopes. Macro- and micro-morphological characters were included endocarp shape, color, size, surrounding rim, ornamentation and SEM structure of the outer layer of the endocarp. Endocarp morphology of the examined specimens exhibit variation in all characters. Endocarp shape varies from globular to ovoid-acuminate. Endocarp size ranges between (5.5×5×4.5 mm) and (8×6×5.5 mm). Endocarp color varies from milky to russet. The results of SEM investigation of the outer endocarp show holes with 5-25 μ diameters. Iranian Celtis Can be distinguished by the means of endocarp morphology but other characters are also needed.
    Keywords: Celtis, Endocarp, Iran, Morphology, SEM