مجله تحقیقات دامپزشکی
سال شصت و چهارم شماره 3 (پاییز 1388)

Coccidiosis is one of the most important disease in poultry. Since using of anti-coccidial drugs or vaccination are considered as the most common preventive measures of this disease, an experiment was conducted to compare effectiveness of these methods. Nine hundred and sixty day-old male Ross broiler chicks were randomly assigned to eight treatments and fed with a corn-soybean meal basal diet during experimental period. Treatments 3 and 4 received salinomycin and diclazuril as coccidiostate, respectively, but did not immunize. Chicks in treatments 5 to 8 immunized with anti-coccidial vaccines (including Livacox Q, Paracox 5, Livacox T, and Iracox, respectively) by drinking water on 5 days of age. Chicks in all treatments except treatment 1 were inoculated with a suspension of four Eimeria species on 26 days of age. From 28 days of age, blood samples were taken on a weekly and serum concentrations of b-carotene, albumin, globulin, albumin to globulin ratio, vitamin A, and total protein were measured. One week post-challenged, 6 birds in each treatment were slaughtered and intestinal lesions were scored. The results indicated that the birds fed diets supplemented with salinomycine or diclazuril had the highest concentrations of vitamin A. Serum concentration of b-carotene was higher in negative control (non-infected) treatment. No significant differences were observed in relation to other serum biochemical values among treatments. It was concluded that serum concentrations of vitamin A and b-carotene could be considered as most important serum biochemical values in coccidian-infected broilers.

Copper sulfate is one of the most important pollutant in aquaculture systems. The aim of the present study was of the histopathological changes of some organs of common carp. copper sulphate can be considered as a toxic agent for fish.The effect of copper sulphate at 0. 0 1 mg/L as a constant bath was studied on Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) weighing about 100g. at 19±1°C for one month. Tissue samples of liver, gill, gonads and skin were obtained, fixed in 10% formalin, processed using routine histotechnique method and the 5 micron sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Focal necrosis, vacuolation, picnosis, karyorrhexis of neuclear hepatocytes, infiltration of lymphocytes into connective tissue of liver and hyperemia were observed in liver samples. In the gonads tissue, inflam matory cells infiltrations and hemosiderin pigment were observed. There were, edema, hyperplasia, fusion of branchial cells, increased number of moucus and chloride cells observable in the gill sections. The main renal lesions were necrosis in proximal ducts. Accordingly, we can conclude that some tissue lesions occure in different organs of common carp after chronic exposure to copper sulfate (0. 0 1 mg/L).

Interferon gamma (IFN-g) is a cytokine produced by activated T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. It plays an important role in innate and adaptive immunity. IFN-g gene is polymorphic and its haplotype has been associated with resistance to nematode infestations which are the most important parasites of domestic sheep worldwide. To evaluate IFN-g polymorphism in Iranian Shaul sheep population, 136 blood samples were collected. Genomic DNA were extracted and amplified by PCR using specific primers for exon 3 of IFN-g gene. After gene amplification, SSCP and Heteroduplex mobility analysis carried out on polyacrylamid gel. Five unique SSCP patterns were detected in this population which 3 of them represent 3 alleles. Although heteroduplex mobility analysis demonstrated that all samples were homozygous, SSCP could reveal heterozygosity at frequency of 40. 4% in the studied population. Data obtained from the present study have revealed that IFN-g gene was a highly polymorphic in Iranian Shaul ecotype. This will be useful to study host-pathogen interaction and to evaluate association between resistance or susceptibility to disease with IFN-g in this ecotype.

Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is one of the common infections in the middle east regions. So far, there has not been received any report about isolation and identification of these agents in Iran. The aim of this study is to diagnose and isolate mycoplasma agents in suspected goat flocks. Total of 100 pneumonic lung specimen from 20 CCPP suspected flocks were collected from abbatoirs close to Kermanshah during 1384-1386 and had been sent to Microbiology Lab. Gross lesions showed hepatization with grey and white lesions (consolidation) and motley appearance with or without fibrin. The minced tissue were inoculated to PPLO broth agar. After multiple passages, typical mycoplasma colony was isolated from 4 flocks (22/2%). Mycoplasma DNA was also extracted based on phenol- chloroform method and subjected to generic PCR with specific primers. In addition to the perivious positive samples from tissue culture, 5other flocks also showed contamination with Mycoplasma organisms in PCR tests(45%). Then, the samples were determined for Mycoplasma mycoides cluster infection, M. capricolum capripneumonia and M. mycoides mycoides (L. C), using M. agalactia as negative control, with specific primers in PCR, there has showed no contamination to these strains. However, to declare "free status " from CCPP in goat flocks requires more developed researches and much more samples in further investigation.

There are some reports about development of prenatal ruminant's testis. But there is not any report about it in goat; so the present study was performed on 23 goats fetuses collected from Ahvaz slaughterhouse. After measuring fetuses crown rump length (CRL), their approximate ages were determined. On the basis of the CRL, the fetuses were divided into 6 groups. Then testes were extruded out and fixed and tissue sections were prepared by routine procedures and then were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin and Periodic Acid Schiff. The biometric results showed a reasonable increase in the number of sertoli cells and gonocytes, diameter of sex cord and tunica albuginea during the development age dependences. The number of sex cords in each microscopic field showed an increase first and decreased thereafter. There is no difference between prenatal goat testis developments with prenatal testicular stages in other ruminants.

Control of poultry feed microbial contamination could reduce carcass contamination at processing plants and resultin improvement of public health. In this study the effects of commercial blend of organic acids (Salkil® and Formycine®), formalin 37% and formaldehyde gas on morphology of intestinal mucosa and gut microflora in broilers were investigated. Three hundreds 1-d-old chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 4 replications of 15 birds. The first group was control and fed basal diet without supplemental of additives. The groups 2 to 5 fed diets treated by: 0. 2% Salkil, 0. 2% formalin, 0. 1% Formycine and formaldehyde gas throughout the experiment(d42). Among the experimental groups, formaldehyde destroyed Salmonella enteritidis of feed in short time. Number of tongue and leaf shape villi (p<0. 01) at the age of 28 days, ridge shape (p<0.05) at the ages of 14 and 42 days and number of villi per view field at the ages of 28 (p<0.01) and 42 (p<0.05) days were provided some visible evidence from the effect of diet regiment. Treatments had significant effects on the villus height (p<0.01) at the age of 14 days, depth of the crypts (p<0.05) and height/width ratio of the villus (p<0.05) at the age of 28 days.Villus heigth of chickens that received Formycine was also longer than other experimental groups through out the study.

Enzootic calf bronchopneumonia is a multyfactorial disease that occurs in association whit the in telaction of various infectious agenes, and colf susceptibility. The economic losses is associated with death loss and treatment costs, reduction of live weight gain and reduced of productive life span, whith mey be considevable. The aim of this study was to examine the acute phase response in calves with enzootic pneumonia. We measured acute phase proteins (App) and identified some potential markers useful for evaluation of calve's health status. Sixty Holstein calves within two weeks to six months old were divided into two groups. Clinical findings of individual were recorded after the physical examination. Blood samples were taken from the calves and were used for Complete blood count (CBC) and serum biochemical evaluation. Clinical findings including body temperature, pulsation, and respiratory rate were significant between two groups. Hematological parameters showed no significant differences between two groups as well as some biochemical profiles (albumin and globulin). The results of this study indicated a significant increase in Haptoglobin (Hp) and Fibrinogen (p<0.05). Our results showed the application of Haptoglobin and fibrinogen measurements as indicators of health in calf herds, thereby facilitating treatment decisions.

Quality and quantity of ovum are major determinants in invitro fertilization. The aim of the present study was to determine effect of the time of oocyte collection and also distance of HCG injection to oviduct flushing on the quantity, quality and fertilizing ability of rabbit oocyte. Accordingly, sixty two adult female rabbit selected and randomly allocated to seven groups. The rabbits were superovulated with PMSG (50 IU/head) followed by HCG (45 IU/head). Semen specimens were collected from two adult fertile male bucks using artificial vagina. Results showed, superovulation of 62 does yielded 412 oocytes (average 6. 6 oocyte/rabbit) and mean 7. 8±1. 7, 5. 3±2. 8, 5. 2±2. 7, 7. 6±2. 8, 4. 3±2, 7. 3±4 and 18. 3±7. 7 oocyte/animal for seven groups respectively. So, when flushing done after 23-30 hours of HCG injection and between hours of 19-24 of day, maximum oocyte were collected and in contrast the oocytes were minimum when flushing performed between hours of 9-14 of day at the same period, mean 18. 3 in contrast 4. 3 oocyte/rabbit respectively, this difference was significant (p<0. 01). In 7 groups value of grade A oocyte were 12. 9, 8. 1, 49. 3, 26. 2, 60. 0, 18. 2 and 54. 8 percent respectively, so the difference of the first, second and sixth groups with the third, fifth and seventh groups and also forth with seventh group were high significant (p<0. 001). From 223 oocytes were used for 27 times IVF experiments, %31 (n=69) of them were fertilized, so this value for 7 groups were 38. 5, 15. 6, 37. 6, 11. 0, 32. 0, 42. 0 and 100. 0 percent, respectively, and maximum significant difference was between seventh group with second and forth groups (p<0. 001). Results of this study proposed that the best time for oocyte collection is hours between 19-24 of day, together with 23-30 hours after HCG injection, which produce maximum number, and fertilizable oocyte in Dutch laboratory rabbit.

Brucellosis is a major public health concern in Iranian city of Jiroft. The aim of the present study was to investigate Brucellosis is one the most important contagions diseases which both human 9 animals suher from. and achieve ways to prevent or reduce its prevalence in Jiroft aoty in sautheust Iran localed in kerman province this disease, a sample of 1000 cows were surveyed in the region. First, taking to account animal population density, sample sizes were first determined for four different part of the region central part, Anbarabad jehalbares and sardueye. Then, dispersion of the herds together with the population density in each part were considered for random selection of sample villages, specified sampling areas in the village, and relevant number of cows in each area. The selected animals were bled in their cervical vein using syringe, alcohol and absorbent cotton. The Rose Bengal test was then performed on prepared serums followed by a Wright and 2ME test on the positive and/or doubtful samples. The findings together with the viewpoints of 338 ranchers revealed that Sardueyeh is the main infected areas in the region from where the disease is dispersed to the other places.sardueyeh has the hiyhest contamination rate(11.37%) in the region. The Central part, Anbarabad and Jebalbares has contamination rates of 5.33%,2.04% and 0.38% respectively. Moreover, we showel that summer movement of the animals to the cold area of Sardueyeh and their winter return is recognized to be the main reason for distributing the infection to the warm regions.

Lead is one of the heavy metal that is very toxic for environment and organisms. Lead can inhibits many physiological processes and it is so dangerous for body tissues. In this study, four groups of fish (carassius auratus) 35 in each, were used for experiment. Group 1 was as control, in group 2 fishes were exposed to lead acetate at concentration of 8. 5 mg/l, fishes in group 3 and 4 were also exposed to lead acetate in the same concentration of group 2 supplemented with vitamin B1(thiamine) at doses 30mg/l and 60mg/l, for 21 days respectively. Tissue specimens including gill, brain, kidney and liver were fixed in 10% buffered formalin, and stained with H&E. Results of histopathological findings evaluated with two non parametric Kruskal- Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney Test. Histopathology of brains of fishes in group two, showed hyperemia, privascular edema, prineuronal edema and ischemic cell changes. According to Mann-Whitney Test, hyperemia and edema lesions, the difference between group 2 and 4 was significant. This result showed some efficacy of thiamine at concentration of 60mg/l in prevention of brain lesions caused by lead poisoning. Histopathology of kidneys revealed hyperemia, degenerative and necrotic changes, swelling of epithelial cells, hyperplasia of melano- macrophage centers, intranuclear inclusion bodies in epithelial cells. In kidney, goup 2 and 3 showed significant difference in swelling of epithelial cells, intranuclear inclusion bodies and degenerative necrotic changes according to Mann-Whitney test. In liver, hyperemia, hyperplasia of melano- macrophage centers, hepatocellular vacular degeneration and intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed. In liver, the difference of hyperemia were significant in group 2 and 4. Considering the histopathological findings and based on Mann-Whitney test, non of lesions revealed significant difference in gill. According to the result of this experiment, it seems that thiamine has some degrees of protective effects on lead poisoning lesions in brain, kidney and liver of Goldfish, and it seems that the thiamine has a dose depended role dose on lead poisoning in fish.

Inhalant anaesthetics are used widely for producing general anaesthesia in animals and humans.. Approximately 20% of halothane uptake is metabolised via oxidative and reductive pathways during and following halothane anaesthesia in humans. Fifteen clinically healthy dogs were assigned in three groups (group 1, 2and 3) randomly. All dogs were anesthetized with halothane three times that was repeated 48 hours after the first anesthesia in all groups. Dogs in group one, two and three anesthetized for one, three and five hours respectively. All anesthesia were repeated every 48 hours as totally three anesthesia (D1, D2, and D3) were performed in each group. Jugular blood samples were obtained in 0 (before anesthesia), 1, 3, 5 and 24 hours after induction of anesthesia for measurement of BUN and Creatinin concentration. 72 hours after anesthesia, animals were euthanized and kidneys were removed for histopathological evaluation. No significant differences were observed in serum BUN and Creatinin concentration in group 1 in different sampling times compared with time 0 during study. In group 2 and 3 serum BUN and Creatinin were increased 3,5 and 24 hours compared to group 1 in third anesthesia (D3)(P<0.05).In group 3 serum BUN and Creatinin were increased 1 hours after anesthesia compared to group 1 and group 2 in third anesthesia(D3) (P<0.05). Microscopic findings revealed that there were not any pathological changes in group 1. However, kidneys of animals in group 2 and 3 were affected with acute tubular necrosis (ATN), medullary congestion and glomerular atrophy. Basement membrane of tubules with ATN appeared normal and necrotic cells were sloughed into the tubular lumens. The significant difference of BUN and Creatinin among the experiment groups revealed that long duration halothane anesthesia might be resulted in renal damage, decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased BUN and Creatinin.

The infection of food animals to hydatid cyst is a concern from economic and public health stand points. In this survey, the prevalence of hydatid cysts was studied in 547 buffaloes slaughtered at the slaughterhouse in Urmia. Samples from 58 cases (10. 6%) were infected to hydatid cysts. The infection rates of lung and liver were 45 cases (77. 5%) and 37 cases (63. 7%), respectively, while each heart and kidney samples, 1 case (1. 7%) was found infected. Also, 24 buffaloes (41. 3%) were infected both in lung and liver. However, none of the buffaloes studied had the spleen infected to hydatid cyst. The maximum cysts in the infected lungs and livers were 52 and 81, respectively. The minimum cysts in lungs and livers was 1. The average numbers cysts in the infected lungs and livers were number of 5. 11 and 3. 87, respectively In the only case, related to heart and kidney, there were 1 and 2 cysts respectively. Considering the prevalence rate, the results obtained from the statistical analysis did not show any significant difference between male and female sexes, whereas a significant statistical relation was observed between the age of buffaloes and the prevalence rate (p<0. 05). The age group above 5 years showed the highest level of infection. In this survey, there was no significant difference in the intensity of infection to hydatid cysts in males comparing to that of females. But a significant difference was found between the intensity of infection in age groups below 2. 5 years and the ones above 5 years (p<0. 05). In conclusion, the results revealed high infection to hydatid cyst in Iranian buffaloes, so more attention of related control organizations seems to be needed.

A three month-old-male red deer calf (Cervus elaphus maral) was examined post mortem for the cause of death in Arasbaran preserved area in East Azerbaijan in September 2006. The main history of the case was the lack of colostrum intake after birth. The necropsy 6 hours after death, revealed severe general congestion especially in lungs and visceral organs (liver and jejunum). The cut surface of lungs was moist and bronchial lumina contained a large amount of frothy pinkish edema fluid. Diffuse congestion of lung and porteinous exudates was prominent in examination. Histopathological examination revealed shock lung and hepatocytes dissociation with single cell necrosis in liver. Microscopic examination was in line with shock lung and alveolar edema. No parasites were observed within red blood cells. Bacteriological cultures gave rise to gram negative cocoobacilli and further biochemical tests performed on isolated colonies revealed the presence of pure Escherichia coli in liver and Klebsiella pnemoniae in lung. Using serological tests, E. coli serotypes O20 and O114 and Klebsiella pnemoniae serotype K1 were identified in purified bacterial cultures. This report presents endotoxemia and death in a red deer calf with lack of colostrum intake and transportation stress history.