فهرست مطالب
Journal of Medicinal Plants
Volume:8 Issue: 31, 2010
- تاریخ انتشار: 1388/11/25
- تعداد عناوین: 17
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Page 1Addiction to drugs, such as heroin, cocaine and alcohol, exacts great human and financial costs on society. Various evidence-based pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are currently used in the treatment of drug addiction but they do not produce adequate therapeutic benefits in every patient. Further, barriers such as financial cost, lack of availability, or perceptions of existing treatments as unappealing may limit rates of treatment uptake. Thus developing new treatments may attract a larger number of drug addicts into treatment. The use of herbal medicines within a pluralistic treatment model fits well within a range of existing theoretical frameworks for treating drug dependence. Here, the effects of Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis, Passiflora incarnata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Papaver rhoea, Tabernanthe iboga, Ginkgo biloba, salvia miltiorrhiza, Pueraria lobata, Opuntia ficus-indica, Cynara scolymus, Panax ginseng, melatonin, ibogaine and its derivative 18-methoxycoronaridine and some other plants active constituents in animal models and clinical trials concerning drug dependence as well as alcohol intake and hangover are reviewed. At this stage, there remains insufficient evidence to support the use of medicinal plants or their active constituents as a primary intervention for pharmacotherapy of drug addiction. Further clinical trials are required to clarify the potential role of particular agents.
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Page 14BackgroundWoodfordia fruticosa is used traditionally as antidysenteric compound for fodder animals. Stem and flower extracts are previously flourished for their antibacterial activity. Leaves are also equally important, which are preliminary screened for their bioactive components in present study.ObjectiveEvaluation of antibacterial activity of leaves of W. fruticosa and detection of their active compound.MethodsDifferent solvent i.e. petroleum ether, chloroform, diethyl ether and acetone extracts were studied against four bacterial strains using disc diffusion assay. Most potenz extract was chromatogram on preparative TLC. Further individual separated spots were back checked for their activity. Probable constituents of most active fraction were detected on GC-MS.ResultsAll four extracts exhibited antibacterial activity. The acetone extract showed highest inhibition against Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2921. The 80g and 120 g of acetone extract exhibit comparable antimicrobial activity against the four different bacteria studied. Amongst the four different spots on TLC chromatogram three of them had activity against B. subtilis NCIM 2921. The most active fraction was collected by preparative TLC and used for GC-MS, which exhibited two peaks.ConclusionExtracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, diethyl ether and acetone were found to be effective against all the srains studied. The fraction of acetone extract, which is more active, constitutes two different compounds, in which both or one of them is responsible for antibacterial activity.
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Page 19BackgroundThymus is a widely used medicinal plant in food and pharmaceutical industries. Among different species of Thymus، T. vulgaris is used more than other species in therapeutic dosage forms.ObjectiveThis study was conducted to differentiate various Thymus species by TLC fingerprint.MethodsIn order to identify and differentiate various species of Thymus، TLC fingerprints of essential oil، dichloromethane، ethylacetate and n-butanol extracts of four available species named T. vulgaris، T. pubescens، T. citriodorus and T. daenensis were obtained and compared with each other.ResultsThe results showed that the TLC chromatograms of essential oil and n-butanol extract can not be used as differential identification for the above-mentioned species; while the ethylacetate and dichloromethane extracts are more reliable to be used for TLC fingerprints. TLC chromatogram of ethylacetate extract is specific for identification of T. pubescens and T. vulgaris while T. citriodorus and T. daenensis can be best identified by their TLC fingerprints obtained from dichloromethane extract.ConclusionFor best differentiation of various Thymus species، different extracts of the plants should be used.
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Page 25BackgroundAn essential oil is a liquid that is generally distilled from the leaves, stems, flowers or other elements of a plant.ObjectiveCumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Essential Oil (CEO) was analyzed to determine oil component. Antifungal effect of CEO was determined by in vitro technique. In second stage, effect of different concentrations of CEO by PDM on postharvest life of strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) fruit, cultivar Selva, was studied.MethodsAntifungal effect of CEO was carried out with Paper Disk Method (PDM) and Solution Method (SM). In second stage Fruits were infected artificially by Botrytis cinerea spore, and then treated by different concentration of CEO. The rate of weight loss, fruit firmness, Total Soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity, pH, ascorbic acid and color of fruits were determined at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days after the beginning of storage. The degree of infection on fruit was rated using a scale of 0 to 8, Fruit surface color was measured by Chromameter (CR 400, Minolta), TA by titration method, ascorbic acid content by iodometric method TSS content (Brix˚) by refractometer and pH by pH meter.ResultsPDM was effective as antifungal. Storage life of the strawberry fruits was increased by the use of CEO significantly, by inhibition of fungal infection compared to controls. No significant fruit firmness, total soluble solids were observed in treated fruits compared to controls at all determination times. CEO treated fruit maintained higher L* at 3 and 6 day in compare with control. Titrable acidity, pH and ascorbic acid were significant in some stages.ConclusionResults of present paper confirmed antifungal effect of CEO in both in vitro and on fruit postharvest. However, more studies are required to recommendation of CEO as a commercial and natural antifungal for increase postharvest on horticultural crops.
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Page 44BackgroundThe genus Tanacetum (Compositae) is represented by 26 species in the flora of Iran, 12 of them are endemic. One report on the analysis of essential oil of Tanacetum polycephalum Boiss. species has been published.ObjectiveAim of this study is to determine the chemical composition of the hydrodistilled oil of Tanacetum pinnatum Boiss. of Iranian origin for the first time.MethodsThe essential oil of T. pinnatum obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS.ResultsThe major constituents appeared to be camphor (23.2%), α-pinene (8.5%) and camphene (7.7%).ConclusionIn T. pinnatum we identified 25 components representing 98.7%. It was rich in regard to monoterpene hydrocarbons (78.9%). The sesquiterpene fraction was relatively small, representing 19.8%.
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Page 50BackgroundIran is a land of great heritage of ancient medical scholars. Herbal medicines, as a basement of treatment of diseases have been clearly described in the medical texts of these scholars including Rhazes, Avicenna, and others. Numerous plants are introduced in these texts to treat those diseases likely to be infective ones. Few attempts have been made to evaluate ethnopharmacological aspects of these plants.ObjectiveIn the present study selected specimens of plants described in ancient Iranian medical texts to treat infective conditions were evaluated for antibacterial activity. The hypothesis of this study was that the plants described in the ancient medical texts possess antibacterial properties.MethodsIn this study, ten specimens of these plants were selected from various texts. Their scientific terminologies were prepared based on various respected sources. The antibacterial activity of hydroalcoholic extracts of these herbs, as well as their MICs and MBCs were evaluated according to standard techniques.ResultsResults of this study showed that almost all of 10 specimens showed considerable antibacterial activity. The MIC and MBC of some herbs showed strong activity against gram positive and gram negative microorganisms. MICs and MBCs of Heracleum persicum and antibacterial activity of Zea mays are reported for the first time in this study.ConclusionThe antibacterial activity of the selected plants supports their old uses as anti-infective agents. The results of this survey also showed antibacterial activity of Arnebia euchroma (Royle) Johst. and Teucrium polium L. traditionally used as poultice for infective wounds. H. persicum traditionally used in Iran as spice can play a valuable role in preventing food poisoning. The data of this study supported the importance of ethnopharmacological approach and opened also the new doors to future researches in this field.
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Page 58BackgroundThe genus lagochilus, family Lamiaceae consists of 44 species, 33 of which grow in central Asia. Only one report on the analysis of essential oil of Lagochilus species has been published.ObjectiveAim of this study is to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the hydrodistilled oil of flower and leaves of Lagochilus kotschyanus Boiss. of Iranian origin for the first time.MethodsThe essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the flower and leaves of L. kotschyanus were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The antimicrobial activities were determined by measuring the growth inhibitory zones (well diffusion assay).ResultsThe major constituents of the flower and leaf oils appeared to be myrcene (28.2% and 36.6%), α-pinene (25.9% and 29.8%) and β-caryophyllene (10.3% and 9.4%), respectively.ConclusionIn L. kotschyanus we identified 34 components representing 95.2% and 18 constituents representing 96.3% of the flower and leaf oils, respectively. Both oils were rich in regard to monoterpene hydrocarbons (72.7% and 79.7%) respectively. The sesquiterpene fraction was relatively small, representing 19.4% and 14.1%, respectively. Antibacterial activity was measured using the growth inhibitory zones. It was found that oil from leaves and flowers of L. kotschyanus, and especially that of flowers, exhibited interesting antibacterial activity.
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Page 64BackgroundCuminum cyminum fruit essential oil (FEO) dose-dependently can attenuate the expression of morphine tolerance and dependence in morphine-dependent mice.ObjectiveIn this study, the effects of Cuminum cyminum FEO on acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in morphine-sensitized mice were studied.MethodsRepeated subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine (5 mg/kg), once daily for three and 5 days free of the opioid (sensitization period), increased conditioning response induced by ineffective doses of morphine (0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mg/kg).ResultsThe results showed that intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection of Cumin FEO (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2%; 5 ml/kg) or Tween-80 (0.5%; 5 ml/kg), 60 min before administration of morphine or saline during sensitization period (acquisition), decreased the conditioning response induced by ineffective dose of morphine (0.5 mg/kg; s.c.) at the doses of 1% (P<0.05) and 2% (P<0.001) while Cumin FEO (0.001-2%; i.p.), just 60 min before the test on post-conditioning phase (expression experiments), did not alter the conditioning scores in morphine- and non-sensitized mice.ConclusionOur findings showed that the Cuminum cyminum fruit essential oil reduces the acquisition but not expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in morphine-sensitized mice.
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Page 75BackgroundLactobacillus plantarum isolated from fermented olives has been extensively studied with the aim of its use in starter cultures for olive or other production fermentations, but little is known about its antimicrobial resistance and its probiotic effects.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity using different strains of L. plantarum isolated from fermented olives origin against Salmonella typhimurium.MethodsThree strains of L. plantarum were isolated from fermented green olives (Lp1,Lp2,Lp3).they were grown in MRS broth at 37o C. Overnight culture of S. typhimurium was added to MRS broth containing 108 CFU/mL of L. plantarum. Reduction of the viable cells was assayed on bismuth sulfit agar medium for 24h. Antimicrobial activities of L. plantarum cells against the test strain of Salmonella were also determined by measuring the diameter of growth inhibition zone in agar spot test.ResultsAll of the L. plantarum strains could inhibit growth of S. typhimurium. Also visible inhibition zones were observed around the spotted cells of L. plantarum strains in the spot tests.ConclusionResults showed great inhibitory effect of the L. plantarum strains against Salmonella and were differed in their antimicrobial activities which could be due to the metabolite secreted by the L. plantarum strains specially type of bacteriocins.
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Page 82BackgroundThe genus Psammogeton Edyew. which belong to the umbelliferae family, is found in central areas of Asia. This genus consists of six species widespread in the sandy dunes of deserts. Among the four species present in Iran, Pssamogeton canescens (DC.) vatke is distributed in regions of Iran central.ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to determine the chemical composition of essential oil of Psammogeton canescens.MethodsThe essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation of dried aerial part of plant and analysed by GC and GC/MS.ResultsThirty constituents representing 99.7% of total oil have been identified. The main constituents of the oil were found to be β-bisabolene (33.35%), Apiole (28.34 %), α-Pinene (11.86%) and Dill apiole (8.17%). Other representative compounds were identified as β-Pinene (2.68%), Myrcene (2.62%) and sylvestrene (2.42%).ConclusionAmounting to 99.7% of the total oil, the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpene had the highest contribution (78.16%), these fractions dominated by β-bisabolene (33.35%), followed by Apiole (28.34%) and Dill apiole (8.17%). The diterpene was very poor; it represented (0.49%), it is found to contain only a few percent of cembrene (0.49).
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Page 87BackgroundDanae racemosa is used medicinally and as a culinary spice. Its constituents are stated to have antithrombotic, antihepatotoxic, antinociceptive and antioxidant.ObjectiveEnhanced oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus.MethodsWistar male rat (n=30) were allocated into three groups, control (n=10) and two test groups (each of ten). Animals in test groups were subdivided into groups of 2 that received fresh extract equivalent to 200 & 400 mg/Kg/Rat/day Danae racemosa extract. Fresh Danae racemosa extract was administered with gavages for 28 consecutive days. Animals were kept in standard condition. On twenty eighth day, the testes of rats in the all groups were removed and sperm was collected from epididymis and was prepared for analysis.ResultsThe percentage of sperm viability and motility in both test groups significantly increased (p<0.05), but the sperm concentration significantly increased only in the group that received the high dose of Danae racemosa extracted, (p<0.05). It was evident that there was no difference on sperm morphology and testis weight in test groups comparing to control group.ConclusionIn our study Danae racemosa extract has significantly affected the sperm number and percentage of viability and motility; it seems that using 400 mg/Kg/Rat/day of Danae racemosa extract is effective in sperm health parameters.
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Page 93BackgroundAchillea tenuifolia Lam. (Compositae) with small yellow flowers and several times pinnately divided leaves in worm shape is known for many years in the folk medicine. It has been used to reduce sweating and to stop bleeding. It helps regulation of the menstrual cycle and reduces heavy bleeding and pain.Materials And MethodsPlant material (flower, leaf and stem) was collected in Khalkhal – Ardabil road area, at an altitude of 1650 m in Northwest of Iran. Plant materials were air dried 150g of flower; 150g of leaf and 200g of stem were subjected to 3h of hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, separately. The hydrodistilled essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS methods. Antibacterial activities of the oils were evaluated by the disc diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar for bacteria.ResultsThe oil of flower was characterized by higher amount of limonene (23.2%) and α-cadinol (18.2%). Twenty one constituents representing (92.2%) of the leaf oil were identified of which limonene (25.2%), α- pinene (14.4%), caryophyllene oxide (6.5%), α- gurjunene (6.3%), bornyl acetate (5.5%) and δ-cadinene (4.4%) were major components. The main components of the stem oil were limonene (23.6%), α- pinene (13.4%) and spathulenol (6.4%). The oils showed inhibitory effects on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi.ConclusionsThe main components of the oil of flower, leaf and stem were limonene, α-cadinol, α- pinene and spathulenol, but Borneol, bornyl acetate, camphor, α- and β-thujone, and 1, 8-cineol were found as the main components of essential oils of many other Achillea species. These variations may be attributed mainly to variation in their agroclimatic and geographical conditions. The results indicated that three oils were found to be active against bacteria, the oil from the flower was found to be more active than the oil from the leaf and stem.
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Page 99BackgroundIt was found that, climatic conditions and fruit ripeness are important factor for the occurrence and intensity of superficial scald. 1-MCP is an inhibitor of ethylene action in plants and inhibits many ripening related processes along with the production of ethylene and volatiles.ObjectiveApples are often held for several months at low temperature either in air (RA) or in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, therefore they are prone to the occurrence of a large number of physiological disorders. In this work an investigation was made in order to determine the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1.0 µl l-1) treatment on superficial scald development and α-farnesene metabolism on scald-resistant ‘Golden Delicious’ and scald-susceptible ‘Imperial Delicious '' apples.MethodsFruits harvested on two dates and stored 24 weeks in refrigerated air storage (RA) at 0.5-1 °C. Peel tissue samples were taken at harvest after 6, 12 and 24 weeks. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with UV detection at 232 nm and 269 nm has been used for the determination of α-farnesene and Ctols contents.ResultsScald symptoms were restricted to untreated control fruit of both harvests of Imperial as during storage period increased to 65 and 45%, respectively for the first and second harvest compared with no scald symptoms in those in Golden Delicious. At 1.0 µl l-1, 1-MCP completely eliminated superficial scald during storage period in Imperial apples. Large increases in peel tissue content of α-farnesene observed in untreated fruit of both harvest dates in Golden Delicious and Imperial cultivars. 1-MCP strongly decreased α-farnesene and conjugated trienols accumulation in treated fruit peel tissues at both maturity stages of two cultivars during storage. The results confirm the proposed role of Ctols in scald induction and indicate that α-farnesene production is strongly regulated by ethylene.ConclusionIn general, we conclude that only α-farnesene synthesis and its oxidation products (Ctols) levels in peel tissue could not be involved to the inherent nature of scald susceptibility or resistance in two cultivars tested.
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Page 110BackgroundDermatophytes are the main cause of human superficial mycosis that is still a public health problem especially in tropical countries such as Iran.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was determining the antifungal effect of Hypercom perforatum essential oil.MethodsThe minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for the essential oil of the plant Hypericum perforatum against various dermatophytes were determined. The essential oil of Hypericum perforatum was obtained by hydro distillation of the dried plant. Clinical isolates of dermatophytes (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, T. mentagrophytes var. interdigital, T. mentagrophytes var. mentagrophytes., T. rubrum and Trichophyton tonsurans) were used for determining antifungal activity of this essential oil by in vitro tube dilution technique.ResultsMIC90 and MFC90 values were remarkable. T. mentagrophytes var. interdigital showed a>1 log10 difference in viable count between treatment and control within the first hour, whereas E. floccosum did not. The essential oil of H. perforatum sufficiently inhibited and killed all tested dermatophytes in all different dilutions. The changes in growth curve of the treated dermatophytes were significant compared with the untreated dermatophytes.ConclusionTerpinen-4-ol is the main component of the essential oil of H. perforatum, and perhaps could play the important role in antidermatophyte activity among the other components. It is suggested trying the in-vivo effects of Hypericum perforatum ointment or its other medicinal forms in the treatment and controlling of dermatophytes infections.
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Page 118BackgroundGinger rhizome (Zingiber officinale R., family: Zingiberaceae) is used medicinally and as a culinary spice. The medicinal use of ginger dates back to ancient China and India.ObjectiveGinger and its constituents are stated to have antiemetic, antithrombotic, antihepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory, stimulant, cholagogue and antioxidant.Enhanced oxidative stress and changes in antioxidant capacity are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic diabetes mellitus.MethodsWistar male rat (n=40) were allocated into three groups, control group (n=10) and ginger (G) group that received 100mg/kg-perday (oral), (n=10), and Diabetic group that received 55 mg/kg (IP) streptozotocin (STZ) (n=20) which was subdivided to two groups of 10; STZ group and treatment group. Treatment group received 55mg/kg (IP) STZ plus ginger 100mg/kg-perday (G), daily for, 4 weeks, respectively; however, the control group just received an equal volume of distilled water daily(IP). Diabetes was induced by a single (IP) injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Animals were kept in standard condition. In 28day after inducing diabetic 5cc blood were collected for TAC, MDA and sperm parameters and testis tissues of Rat in whole groups were removed then prepared for analyzes.ResultsTAC, MDA and sperm parameters significantly decreased in diabetic group.treatment groub that has received Ginger 100 mg/kg (oral) show increasing in TAC and sperm parameters (p<0.05) in comparison to experimental groups (p<0.05).ConclusionSince in our study 100 mg/kg (oral) ginger have significantly Preventive effect on sperm parameters, so it seems that using it can be effective for treatment in Diabetic Rat.
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Page 125BackgroundInfectious diarrhoea is an emergent problem in both developing and developed countries for high rates of mortality in infants. In recent years, drug resistance to microbial pathogens has been commonly reported from all over the world. Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents. Plants are used medicinally in different countries especially in India and are a source of many potent and powerful drugs. This study was aimed to explore the bioactive antimicrobial compounds present in Cinnamon zeylanicum, which is used as a spice in Indian foods.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to carry out Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy studies and to determine the antimicrobial activity of Cinnamon zeylanicum extract against some common microbial pathogens isolated from diarrhoeal patients.MethodsThe extract was prepared by the method of maceration using methanol as extraction solvent. The antimicrobial activity was performed by disc diffusion method at the concentration 200, 100, 50, 25 and 10 mg/ml against E.coli, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenterae, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia and the fungi Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei which are isolated from the paediatric diarrhoeal samples. Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy studies were performed to identify the bioactive compounds.ResultsThe methanol extract was found very sensitive against all the isolated organisms. The preliminary phytochemical screening shows the presence of carbohydrate, glycosides, phenolic compounds, tannins, terpenes and proteins. The GC/MS study on the active principles shows the presence of 38 components.ConclusionThis study shows that the Cinnamon zeylanicum extract exhibit high antifungal activity as compared with antibacterial activity. The most identified compound by GC/MS to have antimicrobial property were monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, aromatic aldehydes and ketones. Cinnamaldehyde was the major compound responsible for the antimicrobial activity.