فصلنامه رشد فناوری
پیاپی 19 (تابستان 1388)

One of the fundamental problems in developing countries is low work fortunes. One of the ways for sustainable employment is to establish and develop innovative SMEs in order to attract graduated work force. So, nowadays the roles of SMEs become more and more important. On the other hand, increase in marked change has made them to need more innovation. So for developing the innovation in the SMEs we need a precise planning. For this purpose, at first in this paper the innovation, it̉s types and also a model for innovation development will be described. Then the model of strategic planning for SMEs will be presented, and at the end; we will describe a seven step scenario planning model for developing a revolutionary innovation in SMEs. The different stages of this planning model includes Define scope of planning, Identifying focal issue(s), Identifying key driving forces, Classify/rank uncertainties, Develop scenario framework, Test for consistency/plausibility, and Capability/option planning.

Today the small and medium enterprises have irrefutable role in the progress and prosperity countries. Thus, they are attended for politicians and officials. One of the basic necessities of retains and establishment of small and medium enterprise is the issue of financial needs. The study of various methods of financing small and medium enterprises can help entrepreneurs to ensure their companies survival. The studies show that small and medium enterprises are using different methods for providing required capital in various stages of their life cycle. Resources such as internal resources, and debt and loan are used in various stages in SME s life cycle. In this article we are trying to introduce small and medium enterprise and their requirements at a glance. The different methods that owners of these agencies could use for their financial institution are studied.

Electronic intermediaries (EIMs) are Internet-based organizations that enable other organizations to interact with each other in business processes. While EIMs have become a significant sector of the Internet economy, theory and guidelines for planning the set of business processes an EIM can support online are sparse. This paper presents an approach to plan the specific online processes supported by a particular EIM. The approach draws on conceptual research on business process engineering, EIMs, and e-business architectures. Three categories of processes, together with their respective sub-processes, are identified and described. The approach then provides guidance in the choice of processes, based upon two factors; first the resource base of the EIM, and second, its evolutionary context. The insight gained from this analysis is that the business performance of an EIM can be enhanced by considering its resource base and evolutionary context when planning its business processes.

Business incubators are now recognized in both developed and developing countries as important instruments for promoting entrepreneurship development and technological innovation especially at the small and medium enterprise level. Development and proliferation of business incubators has generated an intense debate around their performance and usefulness between opponents and advocates of these organizations. Differing in perspectives, researchers have used different groups, point of view to evaluate incubators performance. They have also limited their studies to particular type of incubators. Reviewing relevant literature in Iran and the world, this article has provided an integrated multidimensional framework to evaluation of incubators performance. The proposed framework suggests the performance of incubators can be evaluated in four areas: Management and staff, infrastructure, services and outputs. Performance in management and staff can be assessed in terms of management functions and learning and growth, in infrastructure in terms of location and space, and facilities, in service area in terms of business start up and business assistance, and performance in output can be evaluated in terms of business (companies), products (and/or services) and people. To evaluate each area of performance, generic measures have been derived from literature. The proposed framework can be used as a useful tool and a guideline to evaluate incubators performance by their managers, stakeholders and sponsors, particularly in Iran, in order to internal and external benchmarking and rising competition among and promoting competitiveness of incubators.

Undoubtedly, one of the complicated stages of innovation is transferring research findings to the production and market area, which is called as technology transfer from researches to production. This complexity arises from no deterministic pattern for this process. Commercialization of new technologies is a complex, chaos, hazardous and dark process and executing this process for each technology has its unique challenges. Minimum requirements for successful commercialization of new technologies are as follows: Adequate demand in market, superior potential performance to response this demand, and an entrepreneurship organization or person with the sufficient resource, marketing and managing capabilities for delivering final product to market. One of the most important stages of technology commercialization process is technology marketing. Technology marketing is interactive marketing and hence the quality of technology is depended to quality of interaction between seller and buyer of technology. In this paper after defining technology marketing and commercialization process, facilitators and accelerators of this process will be explained. Finally some of the critical factors have been mentioned which increase the possibility of executing successful plan of technology marketing and commercialization.

Nowadays, since there are some limitations for basic researches by global competition, so organizations mostly do critical and essential researches. Global communication, easier and cheaper access to so many scientific information and knowledge are removing the necessity of conducting new researches and establishing new sciences. We do have to pay money for gaining knowledge, but it seems knowledge leads development and innovation and it will create money and causes economic development. In this paper, we are going to introduce development and innovation, and also the importance of them in economy and technology development. Besides, the difference between development and innovation centers and the properties of them will be studied. Meanwhile, since the properties of human recourses are very important, we will investigate these properties. At the end, we will state some comments about the management of mentioned items.

Nowadays, with remarkable increasing of technology aspects, human resources are mentioned as most important organizational assets. The importance of human resource development and the effect of on right HR management can improve the organization performance and cause the appearance of different concepts and approaches for increasing human resource performance. Improving the performance of the organization requires a pre-defined standard framework. This framework delivered to such organization by Investors in People Standard (IIPS) and gives this chance to the organizations in order to make an infrastructure and suitable environment which will result in developing human resources and improving organization performance. This standard was the first standard for developing human resource which has been edited via the excellence organizations in 1990. The above mentioned standards are useful tools for progressive organizations and corporations. It can cause human resource development by implementing optimal business management leading to organizations action reforms, and finally realizing organization goals and increasing its competitive ability. This article aims to present concepts and analyzed-common standard framework and advantages and positive results held by this standard in business and competitive advantages in the excellence organizations.

The selection of appropriate technology projects has been one of the most significant business challenges of the last decade. Nevertheless, Information technology projects represent the largest capital expenditure items for most firms, but many projects have been unsuccessful. Because of the importance of such investments, there is a need for a scientific framework to analyze them. This paper analyses and uses Real Options and Mean-Variance theory for risk and return analysis, and ranking the information technology investment projects. These two models offer a simple, but comprehensive method for managers to evaluate potential information technology projects.