فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 8 (بهار 1387)

As Sassanian high income was on farming, they paid a special attention to the modern ways of irrigating. Sassanian invested a large sum of money in creating irrigating nets in different parts of the country to enrich the fields and saved them in rain-less years. Also this increased the government incomes more than before. Some diversion dams and Qanats in Khuzestan and Shushtar were created by kings of Sassani. At that time an organization was established called Kastabzod, means decrease and increase, to supervise constructing any diversion damp creating springs, keep and recorded irrigating machine. This made the irrigating system as a law-abiding system, avoided clashes and by this anybody could find his right. So this method of irrigating helped farming and changed to a model for Muslims.

When sultan Hussein became a ruler, he showed more intolerance toward religious monitories like Armenians. So at the beginning of Afghans’ attack on Esfahan, the rumors about taking revenge on Safavye by Armenians and closing to Afghanis were heard. It seems that European tourists and Carmelite priests were rumormonger. This article, by using travel books and eyewitnesses, tries to proof that unlike the rumors; Armenians not only didn’t compromise but also joined with the safavye army against the common enemy.

In 1335 AH/ 1917 AD, and objection movement rose up by the leadership of sheykh mohammad khiyabani and via Democratic party activity and dominate associations of Democrats in Azerbaijan and after a transient period, by establishing a short insurrection He combated with central government from 16 Rajab to 29 zihajeh 1338 AH/ 19 April to 14 September 1920 AD., During these above indicated years, Modernism idea and proceeding to the cause of monogenesis of legal society after Mashrouteh period, was one of the most parallelism in movement idea and purpose.Regard to this fact, the movement deliberation, requires the outreach realization of thought conditions among society statistics and also having cultural positive ideas to progress and advance the civil society and because modernism was introduced as society renovation, so, having attention to different kinds of people specially women rights was the unique discussion among the movement idea makers.Feminism term is a new word in Iran history and it seems that this word was first discussed in year 1338 AH/ 1920 AD by some of the movement intellectuals and there were a lot of discussions about effective factors to improve women conditions.The Present research has proceeded to recognize the movement ideas in Khiyabani's movement and shows that how this reform talking has caused to women activity in political and social arenas.

Mohammad ebne –Abdul wahhab created a new branch in the Sunni religion called Wahabism. He united with his son, Abdul Aziz; He also invited the Arabs of Nejd, outbid, and Persian Gulf to Wahhabism. In 1793 by conquering Ehsa, they succeed to reach Persian Gulf. In 1802 Ghavasem tribe joined to Wahhabism. At that time most of the ports and costs of Persian Gulf were under the control of them. After his crowing, Agha Mohammad Khan didn’t any attention to the security of the coast of Persian Gulf. This continued by the next kings. Whenever they got any chance, Wahhabisms attacked on costs of Iran and united with local rulers. Wahhabisms invaded costs of Iranian and united with local rulers against the central government and caused insecurity and crusade. this continued until Abas port was retaken from king of Oman. in 1885 two battleships were bought by Iran. To guard Persian Gulf and fought against Wahhabisms. After conquering of Lenge port by Iranian, Wahhabisms lost their bases in cost of Iran.

The economic theories of Ebne Khaldoon are his most important theory. He considers a great role for the government and knows it as the basic condition for the establishment of a city. In his opinion, the observation of government in economic activities has a great role in the balance and boosting of economics. Conversely, its interference in exchanges will cause in the elimination of rivalry position and bankruptcy of private section. In addition, he believes that the government should attempt to observe the moderation in receiving taxes for growth and surviving.

By developing of Islam out of Jaziratolarab, some of various People believed to this religion. The relations and intercourses of these people should be solved in an appropriate way; because they surrendered by war or peace contract and have a different race (they weren’t Arab). NonArab natives connected to Arabs through jevar contracts and were known as mavali. Although according the Islamic theory and statues all Muslims were equal but in act there wasn’t such equality. Partly, mavali were scorned by intolerant Arabs and important chairs were not dedicated to them but they gradually gain an important role and position in official chairs and military posts. Many of famous Muslim commanders were mavali. In addition, among other posts there were some mavaly, too. In some cases regional governments were assigned to them. Most of Islamic scientists in early centuries were movaly and culturally effected on Arabs. The topic of taking jezia is referred to those mavali that were farmers and didn’t find an Arab supporter. They want to member in Arm. In omavids period there wasn’t any important riot that shows the social inequality. No riot in this period had created only by mavaly.they weren’t the only or the most important unsatisfied group in omavids period.

The hoard of Kalmakarra Cave that includes hundreds of golden and silver objects has been unearthed in 1989 in Pol-e Dokhtar located at Loristān Province by villagers.The discoveries in the cave contain dishes, Rythons, Human and animal Sculptures, Golden Masks, maces, places and bosses. Their unique value is due to inscriptions in Old Aramaic, Neo- Assyrian and, Neo- Elamite on some of them. Deciphering these inscriptions by [Jean] Lambert, François Vallat and Rassoul Bashāsh shed a light on an anonymous local governorship of the Neo-Elamite and provided a new chapter in the archeological studies of this particular period in Iran.

Human societies were, are and will be under changes. In this article the words changes means those fundamental changes having long-term consequences and lead to the appearance and disappear of a political system. Why and who the societies change are controversial questions that different approaches and point of views have different answers. Some of these approaches and point of views are discussed in this article.