پژوهشنامه ادب غنایی
پیاپی 12 (بهار و تابستان 1388)

The Samanids established a powerful government in Mawarannahr in the east of Iran- Khorasan- in the 4th century of Hedjri (900- 1000). Such factors as wonderful climatic conditions, dynamic economy, security, and political stability provided a possibility for the people to take important actions in the development of art, science and literature in the regions. Bokhara was the capital of the Samanids where prominent scientists and poets lived. Roodaki- father of Persian poetry and the poet of the court- enjoyed a decent welfare and a high status in the society. So his and other poets’ Divans contained such themes as love, eulogy, drinks and happy drinking. This article believes that welfare along with political stability created a happy and peaceful life. This joy and happiness is seen in Roodaki’s works, so in this article it is tried to prove this claim by content analysis of his poems

Women in Arab countries did not enjoy a good status in terms of social rights over the beginning decades of the nineteenth century. Arab poets, alongside other intellectual groups in Arabic communities, tried to benefit from poetry as an effective and powerful tool to defend both personal and social rights of women. Therefore, women and issues such as granting them freedom, and the necessity to provide them with education possibility are among the most significant themes of modern Arabic poetry. The present study reviews women's position in both Western and Arabic communities over the recent centuries; then it examines perspectives related to women's rights, and goes selectively through poems by famous contemporary Arab poets on the same topics. Such poets could play an outstanding role to identify women’s real position by means of the poetic potentialities and their effective power in their societies.

Jaheli is the period of detailed descriptions from a morphological view point. The sweetheart is introduced in live and bright colors in long lyrics. And white is more often used than other colors; on the other hand, black is not used alone to describe the beloved person, but is usually juxtaposed with white to create beauty. Sometimes, colors get away from their basic function and turn into a mirror to reflect suffering and happiness of people in that period. While white represents freedom, prosperity, optimism, purity, fame and worship, black shows rancor, grief, pessimism, poverty, drought, separation, and adversity. The present study tries to investigate the sensitivity and attitude of Arabs toward colors, specially white and black by analyzing poems of Jaheli period that is a sensitivity impressed in the ten lyrics and some beliefs and mythology before Islam

Liberation and freedom are of the themes of this century lyrical poetry which deserve more attention regarding their social background. Social poetry which was started and nourished with constitution (Mashrotiat) penetrated the spirit and mind of people so that it has been used as a suitable means for the requisites of society. The role and effect of poets in struggle and conflict with absolutism and despotisms and stimulation and awareness of society cannot be ignored. Mohammad Reza Shafiee Kadkani is one of the most influential poets who poured his ideas – Absolutism, Despotism, liberality – into poetry so that a big amount of his works has been dedicated to such kind of poetry. In this essay the share of Shafiee Kadkani's poem in alertness and vigilance of society and Islamic revolution will be discussed. It is obvious that there is a mutual relationship between oblique and ambiguous language with motifs like liberty and freedom in the totalitarian society

“Sangardi” is the kind of Persian poetry that has been hummed by Panjshir mountainside people on the foot of high Hindukush Mountain for centuries. “Sangardies”, mostly in the figure of distich or quatrain, were flowed through their tongue resulting from their love, interest and internal attachment to Persian (Dari) language and poetry. The concepts of mountain and hill, spring and sea, ups and downs, snow and rain, sky and the earth, silent prayer for one’s needs, separation and joining, poverty and wealth and other opposite phenomena have been concealed in Sangardies and you can feel people’s internal distress and suffering through the terms of such poems; poems that in both form and content can make us aware of ancient literary styles and aspirant man’s attitude in that land. “Sangardies” are usually sung in the mountainside crests, mountains, on the great mountain slope rocks and river banks. Their main singers were loving girls and boys; maybe their only dating place was in the mountain slope in pasture boundaries beside springs that along with the vitality and greening of the land in springs they were flowed through their tongue to express their feelings of love and affection

It has been usual and prevalent among Iranian poets from the beginning of Islamic era to exploit mythic and olden religious beliefs to create poetic images and purports in their poems; however, regarding this viewpoint, Afzal –o-ddin Badil Khaghani Sharvani is a very illustrious and exceptional person among Iranian poets. A number of reasons like his place of living, his mother's religion, Sharvanshahan's court's auspices, his uncle's teachings and his own interests enabled Khaghani to widely use these beliefs in his poems and to consider the components of myths and ancient religions in different forms. One of the world's components which has been highly appreciated by olden nations because of its fundamental role and special place in ancient human's life is the mythic cow about which a great deal of myths have appeared. Like many other myths, this one has also been widely reflected in Khaghani's poems which has helped the poet to create pure and excellent images and purports. Some of those myths and beliefs include the prototype cow, Mitra's cow, Earth cow, Sky cow, Faridoon's cow, Cow's treasure, Sacrifice cow, Amber cow, Samaritan cow, etc. We will try, in this article, to introduce these myths and beliefs and find Khaghani's poems which are composed on the basis of these myths and study the role of myths, religious fictions and ancient beliefs in the creation of these poems and show his art in making the lyrical and adjectival purports and exquisite and romantic images based on them

Nezami’s Khosrow and Shirin is a classical lyric story in Persian literature. In this survey a part of this story i.e Khosrow and Farhad’s debate, is selected for a structural analysis. It is said that debates between characters play an important role in introducing characters and making the story attractive. Deeply investigating the debate between Khosrow and Farhad represents that the dialogue has not formed on the basis of Aristotelian logic. The purpose of this article is to analyze the structural elements, narration structure, syntactic structure, phonology, terminology, personification, coherence and cohesion of the text, without consideration the content of this dialogue. Applying this structural analysis, we can reveal the delicate and artistic aspects of Nezami’s words and introduce his ability in applying modern procedures