نشریه علوم اجتماعی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 11، بهار و تابستان 1387)

This article studies the effects of dividing the distribution of petrol on changing the methods of city transportation in Mashhad, six months after the plan. The sampling method used in this research is the classed sampling method and there were 670 participants, all from the city of Mashhad. The results of the study show that the rate of satisfaction from the plan, is very low; just 20%. The younger generation is less satisfied with this plan than the elder generation. Businessmen with less lesser years of experience are also less satisfied comparing with businessmen with more years of experience. The article also presents other interesting results that are actually the results of the execution of dividing the distribution of petrol in the city of Mashhad

The development of postmodern perspective has been considered as one of the most challenging approaches over a few last decades. Many scholars maintain that postmodernism could be defined as fourth paradigms of social sciences after positivist, interpretive and critical social science. The emergence and development of this novel approach has great influences on the basics and essentials of many fields of humanities and social sciences during contemporary period. In this respect, the French scholar, Jean-Francois Lyotard, has had a major contribution in what is now could be called as postmodern social sciences. This Paper has tried to investigate the intellectual contexts of Lyotard theoretical enterprise and his contribution in development of postmodern social sciences; It also explores the paradigm foundations of Lyotard postmodern perspective including of his ontology, epistemology and methodology in a critical assessment.

This article is a sociological analysis of students political participation and the data are collected through questionnaires from 379 students of University of Tehran. This article has used the theories of Huntington, Geol, Milbrath, Lipset and political socialization theories. The theoretical framework of the study is eclectic and emphasizes on political socialization. The results of the analysis indicate that there is a meaningful relationship between 16 variables from 21 independent variables (gender, age, marriage position, mother’s education, father’s education, the type of father’s job, mother’s job status, person’s residence, economic position, type of the university, political family, political friends, participation in voluntary association, religion commitment, using of mass media, tendency to mass media) and individual political participation and there is no meaningful relationship between 5 independent variables (person’s education, person’s job position, the type of mother’s job, father’s job status and ethnicity) and individual political participation. The results of multiple analysis also indicate that only 5 variables (political friends, political family, tendency to mass media, participation in association and father's education) from several independent variables were applied, and that generally explained 64/8 of the dependent variable variance. The results of this multiple analysis indicate the importance of political socialization theory in the explanation of political participation.

There are two main dimensions for quality of life: objective quality of life and subjective quality of life. The writers of this research study the relationship between social capital and quality of life and its two main dimensions. Data are collected from the city of Mashhad and it show that social capital has a greater role in the explanation of quality of life comparing to income and education. Income is the most important factor for explanation of objective quality of life and social capital is the most important factor for explanation of subjective quality of life. Income has also a considerable effect on subjective quality of life and social capital has a considerable effect on objective quality of life. Education has some positive effects on both dimensions of quality of life.

In 1930s, the idea of providing general welfare and welfare state appeared in industrial countries due to the belief in the ability of left forces in solving misfortunes that people entangled in; because of financial crisis in industrialized societies, expanded poverty, starvation and epidemic diseases which led millions of people to the hopelessness. Welfare states achieved outstanding success at the beginning but they started to move down at the end of the 20th century. Since theoretical basis suffered from inherent contradictions of its founders, critics pointed at the philosophical basis of welfare states. This article studies the theoretical basis of welfare states and reveals their contradictions and problems. Then according to the Popper’s philosophical point of view and his social attitudes, the theoretical basis of welfare states will be listed in comparison with Bentham's and Mill's thoughts. The writers of this study have attempted to show that unlike many other liberalists who disagree with any state patriarchy, Popper intends to maintain some dimensions of it which are necessary to make a less deprived society. According to Popper, state is a necessity; also he believes that government should be authorized in some cases in order to cope with its welfare aims for society. Unlike Bentham & Mill who believe in more welfare for more people, Popper proposes to minimize the avoidable stress. To achieve his aim, Popper suggests Graduate Social Engineering.

Regarding to different social policies of two former presidents (Hashemi Rafsanjani & Mohammad Khaatami), the present essay is going to evaluate and compare the rate of social isolation consequences between the mass and elite groups in Iran during 8 years of their presidency. At first, different dimensions of social isolation consequences have been reviewed and four main dimensions have been determined which are: disappointment feeling, solitude feeling, weakness feeling and social tolerance. Then, indicators of social isolation consequences in two surveys on values and attitudes during the two presidential periods (2 national surveys on 1995 & 2003 [second wave]) have been studied by secondary analysis method, and after measuring the rate of difference between the mass and elite groups, they have been compared in the years of reconstruction and reforms. The results of the study reveal that although Khaatami’s policies have been successful in some indicators of social disappointments such as family satisfaction, health satisfaction and residential place satisfaction, other indicators of social isolation consequences show a rise in disappointment feeling between the mass and elite groups. Also, the differences in views have increased between these groups. Solitude feeling dimension showed different results. While the elite group strongly felt solitude and alienated during the reconstruction period, in reforms period, their solitude feeling decreased. In social weakness dimension, high rate of weakness feeling in the mass and elite groups indicates that Hashemi’s function in comparison with Khaatami’s has been better. Social tolerance rate has increased a little in Khaatami’s presidential years. It is necessary to say that the differences in views between the mass and elite groups happened as the elite’s out-group interaction was more than the mass.

Family that is the most important social institution, has attracted the attraction of scientists and sociologist. Because of the importance of family and its distinguished role, some social capital analyzers and theorists have identified the family as an important source or the device of social capital. In order to achieve the purpose, democratic families, autocratic families, human capital of family and amount of time spending for children as an independent variable, have been selected. The data are collected through questionnaires (in which the reliability and validity were evaluated). In 1387, high school students, in five regions of Isfahan were the statistical population of the study. The sample size was 384 students which obtained through Cochran formula and multiple cluster style. The results of the study show that there is a significant relationship between the amount of human capital, type of the family and the amount of time spending for children.