فصلنامه مطالعات فرهنگ - ارتباطات
پیاپی 6 (تابستان 1388)

Along the world changes and the consequences of era of modernity، the needs and demands of urban population regarding the quality and quantity of the city services and amenities have been rising. This issue plays an important role in changing the way and lifestyle of urban population. The present research has been conducted with the purpose of identifying the relation between city services and lifestyle of the citizens and in order to evaluate the role of city amenities on the lifestyle of the urban citizens. This research has been conducted using the survey method and the sample of 734 people inculding the head of households residing in the twentytwo districts of Tehran, or the informed members of the family who have been at least 18 years old. The results of the research showed; the citizens of Tehran enjoy less than average city amenities and use them less than avearge as well. On the average, the behavorial tendencies of the respondents regarding on the way of spending their liesure time, management of the body and other tastes are more traditional and has a far distance with modern style. Therefore, the lifestyle of citizen of Tehran is in the middle of the traditional-modern range and the tendency of most citizens is still towards the traditional methods. The findings confirmed the relation between the lifestyle and enjoying city services showed; the citizens who enjoy more of city services and use them more often, have a more modern lifestyle. The level of usage of city services has direct impact on lifestyle. Therefore, if the city services and amenities incease but along such increase the level of usage of these services does not increase, there will not be any change in the lifestyle of the citizens.

The need to attend to the existing literature in the realm of social sciences and cultural and social management as well as the philosophical, jurisprudential and theological sciences in the realm of religious thought may give birth to a new approach; the approach which can be understood under a monotheistic paradigm. Such an approach may assist us in introducing a new interpretation of the social concepts. Despite the fact that institutionalization of value indicators in the society is subject to different cultural habitat variables various already studies made in this respect show that institutionalization of such variables as social confidence within the religious cultural and educational group is more prevalent as compared with other groupings. Since the day of yore, the scholars of the social sciences have been seeking to establish an ideal state or utopia or ideal community as a community in which all social and national affairs are in the process in its best manner. In the ideal community it is better if all members voluntary play their deserved roles actively. In the ideal community all actors are actively involved in the actions based on the social rules and regulations. Such a process in the literature of human sciences can be interpreted by use of the social capital variable. If we go through the religious literature we find the principle of the promotion of virtues and prevention of vices as the closet concept to our discussion. The present paper in fact is seeking to define and interpret such a relationship. This paper introduces the relevant techniques for resolving the problem and wishes to present a cognitive model by use of the relevant intellectual properties. it also intends to use the modern rationalism as an instrument within an intra-religious thought with the purpose to open a new chapter for conceptual development of the indigenous literature. To this end we discuss the social capital and present a cognitive model for institutionalizing a certain dimension of the religious social thinking.

The identification and understanding place and space has applications in many of scientific disciplines. The place and space is a base for human activity and life in different sciences especially the human and social sciences. Therefore, the study of nature of space and space and its interaction with culture is necessary and the neglect of this issue is an obstacle for comprehensive understandings of place and culture. This paper studies the role of culture in places and shaping place identity. The research method was documental and used the different resources. The results indicate the use of place by people is regarded as a to tool express the place feelings and shaping identity in local, regional, national and global levels. So that, different cultures are forming their own particular places and as well as shaping the functions appropriate to their culture. Also the cultural characteristics of a society are reflecting as a spirit in place physic and reveals in its place and space context. The architecture, agriculture methods, human settlements types and forms, roads networks and so on including phenomenon affected by culture. This phenomenon is studying as a cultural landscapes.

Architecture is the focal element in the development of the art of Persia; it specifically flourished in the Timurid and Safavid era and therefore is of elevated significance. The remains of these periods indicate the measureless growth of Persian architecture splendor. A unique feature of the architecture of this period is the presence of women and their direct influence on the development of grand structures and monuments which is undistinguishable in other periods of Persian art. The focal aim of this paper is investigating the vigorous role of women in the architecture of the Timurid and Safavid eras and their manipulation in the imperial court. Hence, after a short introduction on the major characteristics of the Timurid and Safavid architecture, the talented innovative women and a number of architectural structures will be introduced.

Secularism is a western ideology which its principals are formated during centuries. Western’s schools such as Humanism, Renaissance. Enlightment and liberalism are its main bases.The fundation of secularism regarding to Imam Khomeini's point of view is the main topic of the paper. In fact in this research we are going to contrast the Islamic discourse with that of secularism. Therefore, the following question should be answered: what is Imam Khomeini’s idea about the fundation of secularism.The present article is consisted of following subjects: secularism meanings & definitions, indicators and its historical, and it's philosophical roots. Imam khomeinie's ideas about secularism indicators such as rationalization and separeting morrality and politic as well as deholization and other releted issues are discussed.

The fundamental theory is a modern method to discover fundamental meaning through qualitative research data. Thus fundamental Theory is a qualitative method with exploratory- inductive technique. But the positivism method is a quantitative method with deductive technique following to confirm or refuse the theory model and suppositions.The fundamental theory passes three basic stages: a) putting into a open code and exploting meaning; b) putting into A pivotal code and exploting categories; c) putting into a elective code and exploting centeral category. of course the stages of fundamental theory methodology is not nontinuous essentially; rather it is based on simultaneous analysis. it means that the researcher of fundamental theory can gather, classify and analyse research data simultaneously, because the aim of researcher passing these stages is to get centeral category explaining other categories and the phenomena of research. The relations between central category and other ones causes the story line explaining fundamental meaning of fundamental theory, then suppose it as a sun having the regular and systematic relationships with other planets.In fundamental theory against quantitative researches, we can not programme the theoretic sampling before field research. When the category theoretic saturation accomplished so judgement standard in theoretic sampling would be done. In this case, the additional samples and data can not provide a new knowledge and then all of the samples seem alike; otherwise, if the researcher did not discover the theory after passing the stages, he/ she must increase theoretic sensitivenees and it means asking and comparing continuously during the research establishing fundamental theory base.

The establishment of the European internal market has involved the cinematographic sector as a result of its economic nature. However, film, as a cultural medium, does not lend itself easily to the trends towards uniformity, inherent in the process of economic integration.This becomes visible in the relationship between national cinematographic legislation, reflecting cultural values, and the free market philosophy pursued within the European integration process. There seems to be a contradiction between national measures, which seek to correct the workings of the market, and the efforts to establish a European common market for audiovisual goods and services. This situation has been further complicated by the introduction of Article 151 into the EU legal order by the Maastricht Treaty, which recognised protection of cultural values as one of the EU constitutional tasks. However, it happened without calling into question the acquis communautaire on cultural matters. As a result, the audiovisual policy at the EU level is characterised by a contradiction between the economic logic of market integration and the goal of preservation of cultural diversity.The inherent conflict between these two objectives becomes very clear when looking at the development of the European film policy. This policy agenda creates an amalgam of two not easily reconcilable promotion of cultural diversity and establishment of an internal film market. This horizontal tension is exacerbated by the clash between the European competition policy measures affecting the film sector and the national cultural policy considerations, which demonstrates how controversial remains the vertical power sharing within the EU.The aim of this paper is to investigate, on the basis of the European Commission policy documents and practice, these two-level tensions within the framework of the European film policy and draw conclusions for its future sustainability.