نشریه مدیریت شهری
پیاپی 24 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

Considering the growth and development in Iran and the change in life pattern from a producing society to a consuming one, waste and its type has changed, on the other hand consuming culture and using plastic materials in society has caused an enormous decrease in energy and natural resources. Considering the fact that consumption pattern revision needs its own culture and time to change a social habit, one of the most suitable methods of reduction in material and natural resources usage and its negative effects on economics can be waste management with the approach of recycling industry development. In this study it is attempted to introduce a suitable and effective ways about recycling industry development considering the existing condition of waste management in Mashhad.

This article is willing to study and compare the relation between people communion in student groups of school and having a social personality and social responsibility, and then answers the question of why adults join the groups and what social rules and regulation they obey? What are they looking for by joining these groups? We start from the fact that how people become adults that their social communion helps their society to change reform and last. This approach tries to explain how a social society is being built by people who are shaping their on social personality. The population of this survey is made of people older than 25 living in Tehran and the number of sample is 400 people. The result of the survey shows that there is a very strong relation between people communion in school groups during childhood and social groups during their adolescence. This period is a very vital opportunity to exercise democratic patterns in low levels of society and more their personality shapes based on social activities have a different and better way than people who do not have the chance to participate in groups.

One of the approach in rural development is "bottom to top" planning which is based on local people and their effective hand in planning process. In this part the relation between council's place recognition between people and people opinion assessment about council's function can be method to evaluate council's success. So this was the motivation for a survey on analysis of rural Islamic council function in Hakim Abad. To do this survey people's answers (people and the members of councils) about the council function studied by a questionnaire. Based on results of this survey councils in people communion attraction has had a more successful function than economical and social important. Based on founding's in this research people in rural areas have expressed their desire to cooperate with the councils to solve the village problems.

Human being is naturally derived to the nature and is calm in nature, but cities as one of the most important places of people life in last two centuries has invaded the nature and natural ecosystem. Having social internal and environmental problems and issues are some consequences of this threat. Factors like environmental planning, green space development, life improvement and paying attention to social and ecological values are some most important guidelines of this century for constant urban development. Case study of Shafag Park is done considering ecological values to improve life condition so that using separate analysis of each element in the park such as site, its spaces, water, facilities and services we reach standards for functional and spatial concepts. This article is written based on library documents and studies. The result is that local parks are shaped using spatial and functional standards and spatial management and studies. The result is that local parks are shaped using spatial and functional standards and spatial management and considering the variety, equilibrium, form, color and scale in a very ordered way.

Due to extension of urbanization and urban population, its traits such as the compression of cars and crowded traffic, industrial factories pollution and unsustainable patterns of energy/resources consumption have resulted kinds of environmental pollution especially air pollution. This pollution as one of the results of 20th century is in the settlement system. It has made many problems for dwellers of the large cities. Certainly, environmental effective management needs to regulations and norms which first it should be adjusted with socio-economic systems and second, it should be according to realities and enforceable in society. It means that in order to have sustainable /health environment, must make the legal tools. This study after to make known regulations and norms about urban environment especially air pollution, it investigates preparing the way for legal fulfillments and functions. It also considers the causes of successful and unsuccessful of environmental regulations (air pollution) from three aspects: logic and legislation, preparing the way and conditions of accomplishment.

The viewpoint is 3D vision that starts from a spot and goes to an object. It seem like that improving the visual art in urban fabric has an effective impact on urban public spaces desirability. So this article is written to study the role of visual art improving on increase of quality level in urban public apace. In this research concepts of quality, environment, and quality standards in urban design and viewpoints in environment quality are used and concepts related to viewpoint and urban scenes are scrutined. Also analyzing Aazadi street guidance for improving the viewpoint in order to improve the environment quality have been represented. This article is written based on descriptive- analytic method and its research materials are texts, sources and visual documents in libraries and also case and field study have been used in it.

Rail transportation system especially subway in accordance to its important role, will have considerable responsibility of trips of Tehran citizens in near future. One of the important items of Transit Oriented development plan that shall be observed with basics of transportation is to create required changes in functions of lands surrounding subway. Railroad transportation stations are not ordinary stations rather they are place for different activities that can have added value, influence surrounding environment and change the type and compound of continuous spaces. In fact planning for anticipating spaces and civil elements will result in organizing spaces surrounding subway stations, improving civil identity of such spaces, better profitability of such spaces, improving the quality of civil environment, increasing usage of subway, more security and comfort, saving time and energy, decreasing environmental pollutions and increasing positive economical effects. The goal of present research is investigating the pattern for offering land in surround of subway station with addressee based point of view in lands surrounding Sadeghiyehsubway station. For doing so after studying and investigating the opinions and approaches for integrating the functions of lands and civil transportation, by using the technique for gathering information via questionnaire the preferences of people for using from lands surrounding subway station from view point of offering land and trip request in 4 levels have been studied. The results of questionnaire show that in case of establishing diverse activities in surround of subway station 93% of respondent people preferred to use the subway by paying public transportation fee instead of their personal cars. The studies generally show that railroad transportation is not enough for development in isolation rather we need powerful forces of market and policies for public support in this field.