The International Journal of Humanities
Volume:14 Issue: 3, 2007

The historical background of the dastgāh concept, and the process through which it replaced the maqām system, still remains a major question in the history of Persian music. It is usually vaguely assumed that both concepts of the dastgāh and the radīf were introduced to Persian music during the Qajar era. The present paper is a first attempt to shed light on the issue through a historical musicological study as well as a number of hitherto neglected Persian musical manuscripts. This paper discusses the gradual historical evolution of the dastgāh concept from its eraliest manisfestations as an entity within the maqām system up to the formation of the idea of the radīf, as the main core and the model repertory of contemporary Persian classical music, in terms of several stages that began in the Safavid period and got its final accomplishment formulation in the Qajar epoch.

There is probably no need for extensive exploration to believe that movable type invention had a tremendous and historical impact on expansion of science and emergence of renaissance in Europe, as tens of articles and research books have already been dedicated to this fact; but the real question which requires historical explanation is how the man before invention of printing had preserved his written inheritance or had passed it to his successors? The present article is actually an effort to answer this question in the realm of Islamic Civilization. In addition, this study while defining transcribing craft and mentioning the works copyists did, it also discussed the origins of this craft in Islamic Civilization. Then the crucial elements of transcribing such as handwriting, style of writing, methods of transcribing, social position of transcribing profession and copyist's earning, the success of copyist's business, and their verification and control by the government have been discussed, based on historical documents. Finally, a short list of some well-known copyists in Islamic Civilization are presented.

Considering the importance of the right wing parties in Iranian political history, this article has tried to provide necessary information and discussions, which help us to understand the reasons of their formation and activities in order to fill the vacuum, which exist in this domain. For this purpose, I have tried to analyze three political phases and their relations to the political awareness of Iranian population. Then utilizing the existing documents and references, I have emphasized the role and the aims of ruling class and intellectuals in the formation of political parties such as Hizb-i Irada-yi Milli and Hizb-i Dimukrat-i Iran. Finally, by examining the role and the effect of foreign countries (Britain and Soviet Union) in the political objectives of theses parties, I have proceeded to the people’s reactions to this end, which resulted to the downfall of such parties.

Family is the initial cell and corner stone of a society that forms the base of characterization of the child. Health of society depends on health of family. Family with positive outputs renders mental and sentimental problem, socialize proportional children with the values and manners approved by society and arrange sexual behaviors. Present paper aims to identify important factors effecting family break-up and their impacts on family. For this purpose, out of 150 divorce applicants (30% male70% female), 107 samples were selected randomly and were studied by interview techniques based on, questionnaires. In this research tow hypotheses "economic difficulties are the laying ground for the family break – up" and "Absence of intimate space and sexual satisfaction are the factors of family brake – up as well as one question “Is annoyance the basis for family problems? Were studied. The results showed that 63.6% of the society confirmed the economic problems in divorce whereas 24.3 of men of families seeking divorce were unemployed. Of course, the proportion of unemployed men is 2/6% in Iranian families. And the rate of employment in divorce families is 36.8% among the employment of all married women in Iran (12%). The difference between the indices of sample group with that of statistical society was at the level of P= 5% were significant. 93% of women and men were annoyed from each other.

The problem of "alienation" and the "alienated man" is one of the most attractive features of the critique of modernity. Ali Shariati, the contemporary Iranian theorist who was highly concerned with the critique of both tradition and modernity, introduced the idea of a "third way". As the main cause for decadence, defining and defying alienation was at the core of Shariati's intellectual agenda. In this paper, we will explain his view on alienation and his recommended solution which invites peoples of the third world to return to their very identity. Then, some critical arguments raised by his critics will be explored and assessed.

There is little question anymore about the reality of Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) as a disorder. For some, this disorder progressively worsens over time and appears to affect nearly all aspects of life, including work, interpersonal relationships, physical health, and view of self. The severity of PTSD may lead to repeated hospitalizations over the years and may require ongoing outpatient treatment. Moreover, a resurfacing of previously controlled symptoms may appear with old age, as former victims become physically incapacitated, suffer losses, and lose social support systems. So far as, no comprehensive effort has been made to determine the joint effects of a range of factors (e.g. combat exposure, locus of control and social support) on post-traumatic stress and somatic symptoms in a single study comprising of non-clinical samples of Iranian War veterans/combatants who had war exposure during Iran-Iraq conflict. The results of the current study demonstrate that combat stress has potential long-lasting effects that leave soldiers emotionally vulnerable, resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder. The study also reveals the effect of combat stress on somatic complaints. The result regarding social support were in accordance with earlier findings about the positive effects of social support on psychological adjustment. The findings also revealed the importance of locus of control in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. Participants with external locus of control, scored higher on PTSD and somatic complaints than participants with internal locus of control, interestingly, the hypotheses of an interaction between social support and locus of control were not confirmed. Number of methodological and conceptual problems imposed certain limitations on these conclusions.

The purpose of this study was to examine serum selenium (Se), lipoproteins and testosterone responses to a single session of circuit resistance exercise. Fourteen male college students volunteered in the present study. Blood samples were taken at 30minutes before, immediately after 25 and 60minutes of single session of circuit resistance exercise (10 exercise, 20s for each exercise, and at 60%1RM). A significant increase in serum selenium and a decrease in testosterone, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), and low density lipoprotein were found during recovery period. The present data indicate that a single session of circuit resistance exercise was able to change serum Se, lipoproteins and testosterone levels. An acute increased Se and decreased testosterone might indicate an energy deficiency following a circuit resistance exercise.

The change in the concept of social development over the last few decades, from the physical aspects to human dimensions has increased women’s participation in socio-economic activities and enhancement of their capabilities has been regarded as key strategies in sustainable development. The present study attempts to achieve the following Objective: Investigation of the impacts of NGO’s activities in enhancing women’s socioeconomic participation in the management of watersheds. This paper has presented the results through employing parts of the phases, methodologies, and techniques of participation Rural Appraisal(PRA) in sample villages located in Hableh Roud watershed in the Garmsar plain. Among the achievements of the project is the actualization of local community participation including women’s participation in decision-making on sustainable development, improvement of natural resource management through integration of modern and traditional technologies, increasing local community income sources through production of pharmaceutical plants, planting seedlings, strengthening traditional women’s organizations, improvement of exploitation methods and conservation of soil and water resources. The most important result obtained from the present study is the finding that participatory activities are cultural and social issues. As such, work must continue until participation becomes institutionalized in the target community. The milestone and deliverable showing success in this endeavor will be gradual but steady changes observed in the behavior of the rural communities with reference social and economic problems reflecting their self-reliance and self-confidence. Continuity and sustainability of the projects are also determined by direct involvement and participation of local communities, especially women, in all phases of project implementation from concept development to implementation, monitoring, and assessment.