فصلنامه مطالعات راهبردی ورزش و جوانان
پیاپی 14-15 (پاییز و زمستان 1387)

Parenting style strongly influences the development of child personality. A body of research has been devoted to parenting style and its outcomes. There are four types of parenting styles based on two factors of "demand" and "response" of parents and they are as the following: 1) authoritative, 2) authoritarian, 3) permissive and 4) neglectful parenting. Each of the parenting styles relates to specific behaviors in children. For example, high self-esteem, academic achievement and social competencies are related toauthoritative parenting. On the other hand, behavioral problems and depression are related to neglectful parenting style. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between parenting styles and children's academic achievement. Finally, effects of different parenting styles on parent-child relationship, academic problems,behavioral problems, cognitive problems and psychological problems have been discussed.

The study and functional analysis of religion in the social system and religion’s role in maintaining the equilibrium and social order constitute an important area of investigation within the field of sociology of religion. Within such investigation a subject which has always been hotly debated is the extent to which religion acts to reduce the potential anomie and prevent anomic conditions in the society. In addition, the role religion plays in reducing delinquency and criminality is yet another subject which has been usedin explaining the functional analysis of religion. This research focuses on the relationship between religiosity and two variables of anomie and delinquency. The statistical population of this study consists of students residing in Semnan University’s dormitory. This is a quantitaive and survey-method research which uses the questionnaire as data collection technique. Based on the findings both variables of anomie and delinquency have significant and reverse relationship with religiosity. Amongst aspects of religiosity, theconsequential and ritualistic aspects have the most intense negative relationship with anomie. In contrast, the belief-related and empirical aspects are indicative of the least intense relationship. Regarding the relationship of delinquency with aspects of religiosity it is also seen that the consequential aspect exhibits a more intense relationship as compared with other aspects of religiosity. In sum, one can say that the consequential aspect, which results from the individuals’ religious beliefs in practical matters of the everyday life, has the most influence both on the reducing the probability of appearance of delinquency and the anomie’s potentiality. On the contrary, the belief-related aspect of religiosity rests at the lowest levels in terms of its influence.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Stage-of-Change Model (SOC) in improving abstinence self-efficacy among adolescent addicts. Thirty self-referred adolescent addicts who volunteered to quit addiction were randomly selected to take part in this study. Initial assessment was made using the following questionnaires: The University of Rhodes Island Change Assessment (URICA), and General Self–Efficacy Questionnaire (GSE). The subjects were placed in two experimental (SOC) and control groups. The experimental group received twice a week interventions for 12 weeks and then were post tested and once again reassessed in a two-month follow up. The data of the research was analyzed by ANCOVA method for comparing the averages of two groups in three assessment siutuations. Results clearly highlighted the effectiveness of the model of Stage-of-Change on abstinence self-efficacy. Also comparative results of this study showed that in both post-test and follow-up, consistence changes took place in abstinence self-efficacy. Results are discussed in terms of how therapy can be used as an important aspect of the general change process. Moreover, the significance of the individual addicts and their self-efficacy feeling in changing process and abstinence is discussed.

Since the beginning of human history, socialization or the process through which values, norms, customs and practices are transmitted to the next generation, has been considered as the most important mission among the social activities that various human institutions perform. In primitive societies these activities were administered by institution of the family on the children. But in the today’s modern world in addition to the family, the school, the media, and the culture industries (the arts, books, the internet and the like) play a part in realization of these socializing activities, too. Therefore, the cultural identity of the today’s youth is impacted by various formal andinformal institutions. On the other hand, in the communications age with its electronic information, the use of educational technologies and the attention which such technologies afford to pay to individuals’ psychology, especially that of the youth, has resulted in the fact that the matter of socialization of the youngsters, in many societies including the Iranian one, is carried out less by the family, educational institutions, and the regional mass media. Theinterviews conducted with 44 youngsters of both sexes which were selected quite randomly from the north and south districts of Tehran (in educational year of 2004 and 2005) indicate that in socialization of the youth the Western culture industries have succeeded in overwhelming the domestic culture industries. This fact is reflected in different activities and elements such as watching the satellite television, use of the internet, the manner in which studying is conducted, the arts, music, sports, views on religion, politics and so on. This research which is carried out through qualitative approach conducts content analysis on interviews taken place with the youth.

This article is an attempt to understand and explain reasons and factors which influence individuals’ attraction to a company known as the Gold Quest. The article also tries to identify the functions and interpretive processes within such Internet marketing. Therefore, conceptual frameworks of theories such as symbolic interactionism, globalization, modernity, trust, risk, modern identity, sociology of generations (X generation), and also concepts derived from theories of consumption and life style, and sociology of occupation are utilized here. The research method is of a qualitative typewhich uses active participant observation technique. The sampling method is theoretical within which 20 young individuals between 20 to 30 years of age of both sexes who hold high school diploma and higher degrees are interviewed through depth interview technique. The findings indicate that most people under the study suffer types of anomie: economic, social, and political. Based on Max Weber’s typology of action, the motives and reasons for entering the activity; that which is under our scrutiny, are a mixture of rational and irrational ones in which the irrational ones are more prevalent inmost cases. Upon entering the activity we witness the transformation, fluidity, and dialectics of all types of action. Most people under the study exhibit a new experience in confronting phenomena of trust, friendship, and risk. The findings are indicative of the ‘masculinity category’ of the Gold Quest and also of ‘change of home culture’. The members of the Gold Quest utilize a variety of tricks to motivate others. Studying the intra-organizational stratification and power pattern of the Gold Quest showed that on the basis of their economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capitals, members acquirematerial and symbolic interests. It is within such process that we witness the application of symbolic violence. It seems that the Gold Quest acts in a way which is akin to a ‘Gnostic sect’ or a pseudo religious organization.

This article aims to study the relationship between identity status and mental health among the university students. Thus, the general question can be stated as: Is there a significant relationship between identity status and mental health among the students? This research deals with the relationship between identity status and mental health among students residing at Shahid Beheshti University’s Boys dormitory located in Tehran. It is in this regard that four identity statuses are identified as: 1) achieved identity 2)postponed identity 3) foreclosed identity 4) confused identity. The statistical universe of this survey consists of all boy students of the dormitory of Shahid Beheshi’s university in Tehran whose number totals 2015 persons. Out of this figure 322 individuals were selected through multiple-stage cluster sampling. The tests which were conducted were: Extended Measure of Ego Identity Status (second edition EOM-EIS2) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) which includes 28 questions. The Pearson correlationcoefficient indicated that there is a significant relationship between identity status and mental health at the level of 99%. Statistical results showed that achieved identity status corresponds with the highest level of mental health whereas confused identity status was indicative of the lowest level of mental health. As we move down from achieved identity status towards the confused status we notice that not only an individual’s identity status becomes more chaotic but also that the level of his mental health decreases.

It is the aim of this research to determine the individual share of components of mental health (physical syndromes, anxiety, social maladjustment, and depression) in the prediction of addiction potential in high school boy students in the county of Faridan, Iran. The sample consists of all students of 10 classes taken from Faridan’s boys high schools. The sample is obtained through simple random sampling method taken out of 50 classes of the county in the educational year of 84-85 (the Iranian calendar corresponding2005-2006). For measuring the addiction potential the Weed et al’s questionnaire of addiction test (1992) and for evaluating the mental health the 28-item general health questionnaire (GHQ) of Goldberg et al (1969) were used. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and step by step regression analysis. The findings showed that %63.8 of the students have very little potential for addiction (scores of 1-8), %20 of the students have little potential for addiction (scores of 19-20), %8.1 of the studentshave medium potential for addiction (scores of 21-22), %5.7 have very high potential for addiction (scores of 23-24), and %2.4 of them have very high potential for addiction (score of 25 and higher). The results of step by step regression analysis showed that anxiety can in a significant way predict the addiction potential of high school boy students (P=0/00) and that adding the variable of physical syndromes to the anxiety variable will increase significantly the predictive power of their addiction potential (P=0/00).But adding any of variables of social maladjustments and depression to the equation will not increase significantly the predictive power of addiction potential of high school boy students.

The desire to be fashionable has a social origin and is seen in our society as a social problem. This article tries to identify the social factors of attraction to fashion among the youth who are between 15 to 29 years of age in Tehran. The theoretical literature of this article assesses the different contours of phenomenon of fashion: its functions, and reasons of attraction to it, as examples. This is a survey-method research which uses the questionnaire for gathering data from a sample which includes 385 of the youth 15 to 29 of age. The survey was conducted in Tehran in the year 2007. The findings indicate thatsocial comparison and social conformity have a direct relationship with the degree of efforts the individual makes to be in fashion. The degrees of the household’s media consumption and income have an indirect and positive relationship with the individual’s attempt of being fashionable, and the variable of level of education has an indirect and negative relationship with the aforesaid variable. Moreover, it appears that girls and single youth make more efforts to be in fashion, as compared with other young groups.

Focusing on the analysis of the document of National Youth Policy, this article attempts to discuss the changing approaches to the 4 Five-Year National Development Plans (FYNDP) and the impact of these approaches to the formulation of national youth policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Beginning in 1988 and by 2005, the country experienced the formulation and implementation of three Five-year National Development Plans and currently (2008) is experiencing the fifth year of the implementation of fourth Five-year National Development Plan (2005-2009). Studies on the dominant approaches in every four Five-year National Development Plans indicate a growing trend in line with the world best practices -- a trend, which initiated by the economic approach to the first FYNDP (1988-1992) and led to an extended and comprehensive approach to the fourth FYNDP (2005-2009). What constitutes the core of this article, however, is the analysis of socialapproach to the third national development plan. This approach, which is dominant in the third FYNDP, brought about changes in socio-political structures. The institutionalized act of organizing youth affairs by establishing and activating National Youth Organization, and consequently the formulation and adoption of the National Youth Policy, have actually been the products of social approach to development in the context of third FYNDP.In this regard, the research structure has been organized in three parts. In the first part the youth-related approaches and policies will be reviewed by discussing political discourses and national development plans. In the second part, the argument particularly rests on changing course in national development and its resulting achievements in organizing youth affairs. Finally, in the last part, the document of ‘National Youth Policy in I.R. of Iran’ including the dominant approach to the youth policies; theoretical andlegal principles; subjects; formulation, adoption and implementation of this document, are the key issues being discussed.

Adolescence is one of the critical stages in human development. Many types of mental disorders can be explored at this stage. In most cases persons with personality and mental disorders are from unstable families. Children and adolescents are likely to be the prime victims of family dysfunctions. The goal of this research is to investigate the relationship between family stability and emotional development (phobia, anger and depression) in adolescent who are between 14-18 years of age, in the city of Mashhad. Our sample included 120 high school adolescents (girls and boys) randomly selected. At the first stage we had their parents answer Marital Instability Index. Then, based on the acquired scores we divided the students into two groups (stable and unstable families, n=60). Afterwards a questionnaire was devised by the researcher to examine emotions of adolescents based on DSM_IV_TR and SCID_I. The data were analyzed by tetrachoric model. The results show that there is a significant relationship between family stabilityand emotional disorders. In particular, the most intense relationships were found as existing between family instability and social phobia, anger, diffused anxiety, phobia attack, and depression. There was no relationship between family instability and specific phobia, mental-practical obsession, and post traumatic stress disorder.

This research probes the relationship between psychological separation and mental health. It also examines the effects of group cognitive therapy on improvement of symptoms of psychological separation. In so doing, 461 high school girl students, from three educational districts of Tehran (districts 3, 4, and 6) were selected through multiple-stage cluster sampling technique. The Hoffman’s Psychological Separation and Wisconsin’s Mental Health questionnaires were applied to the sample population. Based onthe cross section point (1/2 of standard deviation + - the average) gained from mental health questionnaire’s scores, 60 of these students, whose scores were below the cross section point, were selected and then divided into two 30-capacity experimental and control groups. Group cognitive therapy was carried out on the experimental group in 10 sessions. The findings show that: There is significant relationship between components of psychological separation and mental health in that as scores of components of affectiveindependence, feedback independence, and action independence increase so does the individual’s mental health. The effect of psychological separation from mother is stronger than that of father. Thus, psychological separation from mother is a better predictorfor mental health. Groups possessing different levels of mental health (high, medium, and low) exhibited significant differences in terms of affective independence, conflict independence, feedback independence, and action independence.Group cognitive therapy increased some aspects of mental health in the experimental group as compared with the control group so that the components of environmental predominance, personality development, and intimate relationship building all showed a striking rise in the experimental group.

The present research aims to study the role of the model provided by the family in promoting a sense of responsibility as well as social and emotional development among the youth in Tehran. In so doing, a sample was taken among all boy and girl students enrolled in the college preparation year in the ordinary schools of Tehran. Thus, the statistical sample included 180 girl students, 162 boy students, and 684 of their parents (even numbers of mothers and fathers). The random cluster sampling was used and for data gathering three types of the questionnaire were utilized: Harrison Gaff’s Responsibility Sense, Alice Whiteman’s Social Development, and Bahargaware’s Emotional Development. The results indicate that there is a significant relationship between the existence of a sense of responsibility among young boys and girls and that of their parents. There also exists a significant relationship between fathers’ social development and that of their daughters. Nonetheless, there is no significant relationship between mothers’ social development and that of their daughters. There is a significant relationship between parents’ emotional development and that of their young boys.There issignificant relationship between emotional development of fathers and their daughters, while there is no significant relationship between mothers emotional development and that of their dauthers.There is also significant relationship between emotional development of parents and their sons. There are gender differences among boys and girls in terms of sense of responsibility, social development, and affective development.

The present research was conducted with the aim of studying the relation of social popularity with emotional intelligence, and communicative skills in young high school girl students. The research tries to study two groups of popular and unpopular students who are identified and selected by Moreno’s Sociometric Test. Some of the factors associated with popularity (emotional intelligence and communicative skills) are studied. Thesample includes 90 high school girl students studying at grades one to three in educational district 3 of Karadj city, near Tehran. The students within the sample were selected by available sampling technique. The data gathering included the Moreno’s Sociometric Questionnaire, Sibera Shring’s Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire, and Communicative Skills Questionnaire for the young. The statistical analysis was carried out using the independent [t] test. The results show that both the degree of emotionalintelligence and the degree of communicative skills are higher in popular individuals than unpopular ones.