نشریه دانشور پزشکی
پیاپی 85 (اسفند 1388)

Toxoplasmosis, caused by an intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, is widespread throughout the world. Being a cause of congenital disease and abortion in humans and in domestic animals, the disease is of major medical and veterinary importance. In addition, it has increased importance due to toxoplasma encephalitis in AIDS patients. Therefore, developing a vaccine for toxoplasma is an important goal in the world. GRA4 was known as a major antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. Thus, it is considered as a vaccine candidate. GRA4 was secreted from bradyzoite and tachyzoite. This genome has unique version and without intron. In this study, GRA4was cloned in pTZ57R, afterwards, it was transformed into TG1 strain of E.coli Bacteria. The recombined Plasmid extracted from E.coli bacteria and amplified through PCR technique. Besides, pcDNA3 Plasmid for receiving and coloning of GRA4 segment was digested by KpnI & EcoRI enzymes. GRA4 was subcloned into pcDNA3 and the reaction liggation product was transformed for the above bacteria. The bacteria grew in LB culture with ampicilin. Recombined pcGRA4 plasmids were purified from E.coli by Plasmid extraction kit. The accuracy correctness was confirmed by using restriction enzymes and PCR methods. GRA4 was cloned into expression eukaryotic plasmid pcDNA3. The results showed that the cloning and transformation of fragment GRA4 in pcDNA3 was done properly.

Probably, obesity causing more secretion of cytokines, is associated with increasing inflammatory markers. Although, researches show that physical aerobic prevent the enhancement of inflammatory conditions and obesity. But, The efficacy of resistance training on these markers has not been fully understood. The purpose of this study was investigating the effect of resistance training on CRP and Cystatin C in obese girls. 24 volunteer females (mean age: 21.62±2.30, height: 159±6.89 cm, weight: 80.68±10.23 kg and BMI: 32.26±3.34 kg/m2) were randomly selected and divided into two groups. The experimental group performed resistance training for 8 week (4 session per week with the intensity of %60 - %70 1RM. In order to analyse the effect of training on biochemical variables and muscular strengths, independent t-test and repeated meseaure ANOVA were used, respectively. The findings indicated that training has no significant effect on Cystatin C (p=0.96, t=0.04), CRP levels (p=0.10, t=1.73), weight (p=0.06, t=2.03), lean body mass (p=0.88, t=0.152), body fat percent (p=0.46, t=0.75), but muscular strengths significantly improved. This research showed eight weeks resistance training program has no significant effect on plasma level of Cystatin C and CRP in obese girle. The possible reason for ineffectivness of training on variables is insufficient intensity or duration of training.

In this study, the effect of oral administration of Amaranthus caudatus L. (AC) on serum glucose, lipids, and morphology of Langerhans islets in diabetic rats was investigated. Female Wistar rats (n=32) were divided into 4 groups, i.e. control, AC-treated control, diabetic, and AC-treated diabetic groups. The treatment groups received oral administration of plant-mixed pelleted food (6.25%) for 8 weeks. Serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL- cholesterol levels were determined before the study, and at 4th and 8th weeks of the study. Morphology of Langerhans islets in 4 groups was evaluated using Gomori staining method. AC treatment of diabetic rats did have a significant hypoglycemic effect at 4th and 8th weeks compared to the diabetic group (p<0.05-0.01). In addition, serum LDL-cholesterol levels in the treated diabetic group significantly reduced compared to the untreated diabetic group (p<0.05-0.005). On the other hand, treated diabetic group showed no significant difference with the untreated diabetic group with regard to the level of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol. Meanwhile, serum level of HDL-cholesterol significantly increased in treated-diabetic group (p<0.005) in contrast to the diabetic group. Regarding histology of Langerhans islets, diabetic group showed a lower number and granularity of beta cells and AC treatment did not produce any considerable change in this respect. Oral administration of AC has a significant hypoglycemic effect and leads to appropriate changes in serum lipids except for triglyceride and total cholesterol.

Mixed outcomes arise when, in a multivariate model, response variables measured on different scales such as binary and continuous. In a bivariate modeling, when there are mixed response variables, the common methods in classic statistics have shortcomings. This study aimed at designing an appropriate ANN model for modeling and predicting the bivariate mixed responses including metabolic syndrome and HOMA-IR. A total of 347 participants from the Cohort section of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) were studied. The subjects were free of metabolic syndrome, according to the ATPIII criteria, at the beginning. Demographic characteristics, history of coronary artery disease, body mass index, waist circumference, LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting and 2 hours blood sugar, smoking history, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured at the baseline. HOMA-IR and incidence of metabolic syndrome, approximately 3 years after the follow-up, were selected as mixed response variables in designing ANN models. Different ANN models were fitted in to data in two stages. Predictive accuracy was applied to compare the ability of models in prediction. MATLAB software was used for analysis of the data. In the first stage, the artificial neural network model with 10 nodes in middle layer, resulted in 65.67 and 69 percent predictive accuracy for test and validation dataset, respectively. In the second stage, the predictive accuracy of SCG, OSS and RP algorithms were 78, 76 and 76 percent, respectively, in validation data set. For test dataset, predictive accuracy of the above algorithms was 78.37, 74.32 and 75.67 percent. These three algorithms showed highest predictive accuracy among 11 different algorithms employed in the study. The results of this study indicate that the algorithms SCG, OSS and RP in neural network are the best choices, among those used, for simultaneous prediction of metabolic syndrome and HOMA-IR.

The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning of domestic elder abuse phenomenon. A qualitative study using hermeneutic phenomenological approach was employed with community dweller elders, five men and nine women (68 to 87 years of age) living in Tehran. In-depth interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using van Manen methods. The emerged themes were "being neglected", "being psychologically abused", "curtailment of personal autonomy", "being financially abused", "being bodily abused" and "abandonment". The experience of the elderly showed that Domestic Elder Abuse is a pain and suffering inflicted on older people by their family members via the perpetration of an excruciating action or refusal or failure to provide their necessary needs which can include single/ repetitive, intentional/ unintentional actions. Elderly abuse might occur. At his/her own home or the home of a family member with whom the elderly lives. The above findings can help the healthcare providers to define the domestic elderly abuse, to distinguish abuse among elderly, and to develop specific assessment tools for screening domestic elderly abuse and its early detection and prevention.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the levels of GH, IGF1, insulin, estradiol, serum lipids and CBC between prepubertal female athletes and non-athletes. Experimental group included 15 prepubertal gymnasts (10.89±1.6 y, 141.73±12.26 cm, 34.93±6.84 kg), 7 prepubertal fighters (12.14±2.03 y, 146.71±5.79 cm, 38.29±5.06 kg), 11 prepubertal swimmers (10.45±1.03 y, 146.33±8 cm, 43.27±9.45 kg) and control group included 10 prepubertal non-athletes (11.8±0.92 y, 151.4±5.69 cm, 42.2±7.21 kg). Research variables included height, weight, fat percent and levels of GH, IGF1, insulin, estradiol, serum lipds and CBC. There was significant differences in mean weight and IGF1 of gymnasts and swimmers and mean cell hemoglobin concentration of non-athletes and swimmers in favour of swimmers (p<0.05). Also measures of height, weight, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor and estradiol in gymnasts were lower than other groups and levels of weight, insulin and insulin-like growth factor in swimmers and levels of height, growth hormone and estradiol in non-athletes were higher than other groups. In gymnasts there is a growth hormone reduction secretion induced by high intensity trainings that leads to lower height and weight of gymnasts than swimmers and fighters. Thus exercise type affects anthropometric characteristics through influence on hormonal functions.

Calcifying Odontogenic Cyst (COC) (Gorlin) is an uncommon odontogenic lesion. In new classification was named as cystic calcifying odontogenic tumor. Thus, COC which is associated with odontoma is uncommon. There is little information combined lesion, therefore, a case of COC with complex odontomawas reported here.Case Report: The patient was a 39 year old male which reffered with complaint of swelling without pain in posterior left body of mandible. In radiographic view was seen mixed radiolucent – radoopaque area. In pathologic appearance was found odontogenic epithelium of cyst with ghost cells and enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp. Treatment was done by enucleation. During 18 months of follow up no recurrence was observed. Althougth COC associated with odontoma is not pathogonomonic in clinical and radiographic views, there are main differences in clinical appearance and pathogenesis which can be attributed to age.

Breast cancer is one of the most important hygienic issues among women. Because of heterogeneity and inner pressure, liposomes are used as drug delivery systems today in order to facilitate inserting drug into the cancerous cells. With a proportion of 1:2:1, negative charged liposomes were prepared from a mixture of dicetyl phosphate, phosphatidyl colin and cholesterol. Moreover, a ratio of 1:1 of phosphatidyl colin and cholesterol was used to obtain neutral charged liposomes. These were filled with different concentrations of Doxorubicin (5, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.2 mg/ml). Then, the toxicity of these liposome was evaluated and compared with assistance of t-test with free drug within 24, 48 and 72 hours. With regards to the fact that the cytotoxicity of the neutral liposome with 5 mg/ml concentration within 24, 48 and 72 hours was 88.37%, 91.7% and 93.4%, respectively, compared to the cytotoxicity of free drug which was 72.3%, 79.4% and 79.9%, neutral liposome loaded with Doxorubicin were more effective than free drug. It was also observed that cytoxicity of negative charged liposomal Doxorubicin with similar concentration within 24, 48 and 72 hours was 59.40%, 67.38% and 74.56%, respectively which showed that negative charged liposome cytotoxiciy is less effective than free drug. Since the cytotoxicity of neutral charged liposomal Doxorubicin is more than free forms. As a result, it can be used in order to decrease the drug’s side effects and increase drug’s efficacy after more research in living environment.

Good patient-physician relationship is the corner-stone of a successful medical care. Research indicates that most medical diagnosis and treatment decisions are based on information obtained from medical interviews, in which communication is the base. The purpose of this study is to determine the elements in the patient-physician relationship. It further attempts identify factors influencing good communication. SID, Google, Embase, Cochrane, Pubmed were searched for these key words: patient-physician relationship, communication, patient, physicion, doctor and skill. A basic human skill is communication. Similar to other skills, some individuals have this innate talent more than others. However, these skills can be developed and improved. The review of communicative skills training for the medical students and physicians reveals that these have led to successful communication. The aim of communication is information exchange, shared understanding, confidence building and trust and making common decisions. Therefore, the physicians need to acquire basic and fundamental skills such as patient physician interpersonal skills. These can be enumerated as greeting, active listening, empathy, warmth, respect, interest, modesty, patience, keeping secrets, getting and giving information, training patients and advanced communicative skill. Effective communication between patient and Physician has important role in health system. Combination of communication, art, education, anthropology, behavioral skills and some of other sciences are necessary for effective communication.