فصلنامه مجلس و راهبرد
پیاپی 61 (بهار و تابستان 1388)

Economic sanctions are known as a tool for political objectives. After the victory of Islamic Revolution of Iran in 1979, the United States has applied different sanctions against Iran frequently. This paper assesses the effects of trade and financial sanction on Iranian economyin 2000. Results show that the US sanctions have had some economic successes because of damaging Iranian economy.Trade sanctions effects on Iranian non-oil exports and capital goods imports have been more serious than its oil exports sanctions effects. Iran can find other buyers for its oil in a short time because of oil is a fungible commodity and world oil market is a comparative and expansive market.Financial sanctions have more effects on Iran than trade sanctions.By virtue of financial sanctions, Iran pays higher rates of interest on its loans and has guaranteed excessively high rates of return for the investment in its oil buyback projects. In final analysis, Iranian trade and financial sanctions costs have been estimated about 1.1 percent of Iran’s GDP by consumer surplus approach. In this case, it shows that unilateral sanctions on crude oil imports are ineffective because of its fungible nature and comparative market.So it can be concluded that financial sanctions and export sanctions of some Iranian commodities can cause the same conditions like comprehensive sanctions. If sanctions apply smartly and with the cooperation of other countries, Iranian economy will be incurred politically and economically.

Importance of the relationship between development plans and policy making in commercial sector is reinforced this year that is policy making year for next five years. By studying the previous commercial policies (the first to fourth development plans) and the next plan (by using general policies of the fifth development plans), we can take strategy.This article surveys the relationship between policy making in commercial sector and economic growth. By studying these four development plans Acts, Iranian commercial policies are divided into three sections: exports, imports and infrastructures.Results of studies show that the change of imports substitution trade policy of the first and second development plans into exports development policy of the third and forth development plans indicate good trend of Iranian planning system. Some of these policies are repeated in next plans without changes, reforms, and giving reasons for their unsuccessfulness. Some policies werent implemented and other transferred or changed into the standing orders or certain laws were ratified for them that all of them shows to discuss it better.

Today,most of protective policies would be limited and defined under certain framework as a country join to WTO. Under WTO regulation,tariff is the most principal accepted tools of protection.Ignorance of the necessity to have a detailed and comprehensive study about an optimum tariff regime and its effects on economic variables will incur to unstable and unpredictable tariff regime, which in turn, incur to economic instability (national production, employment,and economic instability).One of the main reasons of tariff fluctuations in Iran is the lack of national agreement on industrial policy and preferences. In this article, we study the role of protective policies in economics literature and the ways they are calculated; then we, specifically, refer to protective trade policies (both accepted and prohibited under WTO agreements).Reviewing the history of tariff and non-tariff policies of Iran and comparing tariff regime of this country with those of its main trade partners, we conclude the main problems and challenges of its trade protective policy.

This paper discusses the comparison of Iranian export awards with Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. At first, theoretical literature of export subsidies is considered. Then, cons and pros of Iranian export awards are explained and good solutions are found by comparing the mentioned countrie's export awards systems with Iranian export awards.

Main objective of the paper is studying economic sanctions effects on Iranian foreign trade; especially three sections: energy, goods, and banking services. Studies show that the US always tries to weaken Iranian economy by applying different sanctions as a political tool against Iran from 1979 to 2008 that their effects are as follows: 1. Although different sanctions have been applied against Iranian economy, energy section has not so affected by them and it is being developed.2. By applying effective sanctions against Iranian economy from 2007, capital goods prices (equipment and machinery) have increased 7 to 10 percents by European sellers.3. Nevertheless Iranian banking system has been affected by applying these financial sanctions frequently in a short time, Iranian banks could have undertaken their assigned duties successfully by optimum planning and management and Iran didnt lose international prestige.Consequently, good political recommendations have been taken on probable sanctions by using previous and recent experiences.

Exports have more benefits for the economy. However, due to different effects of exporting various commodities, they should be classified. The most of them is divided into oil and non-oil exports sections that its importance is reinforced to analyze growing trend of non-oil exports. The differentiation is so important: first, oil and non–oil exports has different effects on the economy that it is so important and second, dividing them into two oil and non-oil sections because of some differences such as tax exemptions and export incentives. First, the article discuss problems of oil and non-oil products definitions,the article explains industrial and scientific definitions and concepts of oil and non-oil products as well as then it studies main chapters regarding harmonized commodity description and coding system.Results of studies show that definitions which are used as the basis of Iranian foreign trade statistics of oil products exports are not much accurate. Therefore, it is proposed to define oil products which not limited to primary gas and oil products that particularly classified in chapter 27 of the HS nomenclature by using university professor's views and experts, and references such as discussed in this article.

Generally speaking, challenges of chambers of commerce can be divided into two categories: internal and external challenges. So lack of a certain planning or increased interaction.among economic organizations, members, and economists with chambers of commerce are internal challenges while lack of cooperation of governmental decision makers with chambers of commerce is external factors that they should be known as the most serious challenges.However, as Iranian economic structure is more related to the state sectors so existing views and beliefs dont play a major role in private sector development. Therefore, Iranian doing business is still much influenced by the government and lack of effective participation causes that chambers of commerce cant play a major role in Iranian economy and indeed, they cant be held fully responsible for these cases.Perhaps these conditions cause chambers of commerce couldnt or didnt want to use only their powers which are delegated by laws to play major roles in foreign trade. High supervision council is as the highest element of chamber of commerce can play a major role to remove or solve these problems legally and logically for their participation more and more.