پژوهشنامه حکمت و فلسفه اسلامی
سال ششم شماره 23 (پاییز 1386)

The present essay aims at answering the question that whether Umm-e Kulthoum, Ali(a) and Fatimah's daughter, has married Omar. To answer it, some narrative feqhi (jurisprudencial) historical, genealogical, eulogistic, and theological references have been referred to, and after expressing different ideas and views; the reasons made by opponents and proponents have been undergone investigation and contemplatio

In this essay, some of the traditions on the virtues of hadhrat Ali (a), which are narrated in sahah- e setteh, has been studied and analyzed, and also the narration which has been criticized by Ebn-e Jowzi, is analyzed through taking advantages of Ahl-e Sunnah references.Sahah-e Setteh is like an ocean wherein lots of the narrations on the virtue of hadhrat Ali (a) are hidden in, it being in need of a skillful diver who can take advantages of this ocean. The essay divides and classifies the traditions on the virtue of Imam Ali (a) in several titles, explaining and analyzing them.

With the ambition of creating motivation for the union of Muslims through following The Holy Prophet (SAAS) and the Infallible Imams on one hand, and expressing briefly the dignity and glory of his holiness Muhammad (s) among Muslims on the other hand, made me detect the terminology of salawat first, and then investigate the view of Quran concering salawat and finally do some researches on the manifestation point of the holy Quran’s command in detail from the viewpoint of Islamic sects. The concluding statement of the essay is that all religious authorities and scholars of Imamiyyah, but a few, believe that salawat in “Tashahhod” (testimony in prayer) of the prayers, “Friday prayer’s sermon”, and “the corps prayer” is obligatory.From among Ahl-e Sunnah’s sects (branches), Shafe’ees and Hanbalis also believe that sending salawat to Muhammad (s) in the aforementioned cases is an obligatory duty; however, the two other sects of Hanafi and Maleki have issued the decree that sending salawat is a desirable and recommended tradition.

The necessity of Ahl-e Bait's existence is so vital and crucial that without them, the tree of nabowwat would have been fruitless and divine wisedom principle [in guiding people towards the right path] could have gone under question, since without enjoying some infallible guardians, Islam as the last divine religion, would have not been secure frome distortion, guile and hypocricy; and this is while other religions have not been secure from getting distorted as well. Considering the necessity and importance of this issue, the Islam's enemies have always been trying to create some forged companions for The Prophet 'Muhammad'(SAAS), and Imams in order to deceive the people and distort the original religion, introduced by Muhammad(SAAS).Through taking advantages of the creditable source books of different Islamic sects, the presents survey struggles to distinguish the true Ahl-e Bait.

'Efsad' with the conjugational verb rhythm of Ef 'al, in Arabic language means to pervert and destroy other people. The term 'efsade-fel-ardh' means to make perversion and corruption on the earth. Great majority of Islamic foqaha (jurisprudents) including both Shia and Sunni have applied this term for 'muharebeen' (those who fight against Islam) and also 'Qotta' ottariq' (high way robbers). In fact, they see no difference between muharebeh (fighting against Islam) and efsade-fel-ardh. In contrast, some foqaha and interpreters believe that the concept of efsade-fel-ardh is more general than that of muharebeh, in a way that muharebeh is only one of the cases, that is, a subbranch of efsade-fel-ardh.Yet, there is more to it, making the discussion even more complex and controversial: some Islamic foqaha who believe that efsade-fel-ardh and muharebeh are (judicially) separated from one another, have not explicitly signified (expressed) a certain punishment for mofsede-fel-ardh.

Recognizing the dimension of human's nature and its influence on different and various theories of international relations is the main goal of the present survey. The hypothesis proposes that the way we look at the human's nature is the source of (creating) different ideas and theories about the international relations. The present research aims studying, criticizing, and evaluating some of these theories from Western thinker's viewpoints and Imam Khomeini's viewpoints in the frame work of three approaches: realistic, idealistic, and Islamic approach. Islamic approach, centered on the nature of human being and international relations from Imam Khomeini's viewpoint, challenges the abovementioned two viewpoints, counts them as some sort of going to extremes, and believes that the human's nature is a combination of 'Id' and 'ego' (forces) and based on the fact that wich of these forces, one will strengthen in his existing personality, the international relations can include war or peace.