مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اراک
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 18، بهار 1381)

The rapid increase of antibiotic resistance especially among gram negative bacteria, has made the researchers to find an alternative substitutions for uneffective antibiotics and the candidate was herbal plants which their antimicrobial effects were understood traditionaly from the past. Since Oak seed hull (Quercus brantii) has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of diarrheal diseases, the role of methanol extract of the plant on few gram negative entric bacilli were evaluated and compared with some in-use antibiotics.

The methanol extract of the active constituents of the plant was concentrated with distillation apparatus in vaccume and was then diluted with methanol to yield different concentrations. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was then examined by standard MIC and disc diffusion method on E.Coli, Proteus, Shigella and Salmonella and compared with those of gentamicin, nalidixic acid and co-trimoxazole in the next step.

The results showed that the antibacterial effect of the methanol extract on proteus and E.coli wwas significant and directly related to its concentration but was not the same for shigella or salmonella. Some concentrations of the extract had a similar or better effect compared to nalidxic acid or co-trimoxazole. While the effect of 80% was not significant in general, except for salmonella that its effect was equivalent to 25mg co-trimoxazole.

The pverall results showed that although Oak seed hull has some antibacterial activity, but it seems that its anti-diarrheal effect id due to Tanins which cause water absorption and protein precipitation in the intestine as well.

In the past decade, spinal anesthesia had been usual method of interest for anesthesiologists in cesarean section. Hypotension is a common complication (45%-100%) of spinal anesthesia which can cause mortality and morbidity in mother and fetus if it can not be controlled. Prevention of hypotension and minimizing variation of blood pressure following spinal block is one of the most important considerations of the anesthesiologists.

Two groups of patients were chosen randomly, in the first group we used ringer solution (500ml) for prehydration and in the second group prehydration and intravenous ephedrine were used before block.

There was a meaningful difference in blood pressure during 5 minute after spinal block between two groups. (p<0.0001)

Administration of low dose intravenous ephedrine before spinal block, can be effective in preventing hypotension and severe and sudden variations of blood pressure during 5 minute after spinal anesthesia in cesarean section.

One of the most important health problems of the country is parasitic infections, specially intestinal parasites which have relatively high prevalence rate through out the world. Theses infections can cause iron deficiency anemia, physical and mental retardation among children and family members. Since mothers come to account as the base of the family and each their deviation of health can consider as a risk factor for them and the other family members, this study was conducted to determining prevalence rate of intestinal parasitic infections among mothers and associated demographic factors.

This survey is a descriptive analytical study which cross-sectionaly was done based on systematic randomized sampling method on 1650. Mothers in three regions of the town. Their feces were examined three times by formalin ether concentration technique. Of course for gathering data about demographic factors, questionires were filled all infected mothers.

of 1650 case, 801 mothers (48.5%) were infected by intestinal infections:110 mothers (13.73%) m were infected by pathogenic intestinal infection, Giardia lambia 89 case (5.39%) was the commonest infection, entamoeba histolytica 12 cases (72%), hymenolepsis nana 5 cases (3%), ascaris 3 case (1.18%) and tenia saginata 1 cases (0.6%) respectively. 691 mothers (869.2%) were infected by nonpathologenic intestinal infection. E.coli 313 case(19%), blastocystic hominis 267 cases (16.18%), endolimax nana 67 cases (4%), lodamoeba buetschlii 34 cases, (25%) and chilomastix mesnili 10 cases (0/6%) respectively.

In this survey, there was no significant relationship between infection rate and demographic factors like age, job, level of literary and residence region. However the findings showed that the highest rate of pathogenic intestinal parasitic infections were 7.8% (43 cases) in down town, 6.72% (37 cases) in town center and 5.45% (30 cases) in uptown.

This research is a study for evaluating the rate of satisfaction of physical and psychosocial needs of thirds girl students of secondary school of Arak by their parents.

In this research 556 girl adolescents were studied. Sample were selected by clustering method. Data were collected by questionnaire (contain 57 question) completed by studied units. After collect the data , results were analyzed by statistical methods.

69.1% samples were high satisfied, 29.3% medium and 1.6^ low satisfied in relation to physical needs by their parents and 69.6% were high satisfied, 28.2% medium and 2.2% low satisfied in relation to psychosocial needs by their parents. The rate of satisfaction for physical needs is statistically correlated to the variable such as age of the students (p<0.05), age of the mother (p=0.03), age of the father (p=0.0001), education levels of the parents (p=0.0001), job of the father (p=0.0001), job of the mother (P=0.0007), rank of birth (p=0.008) and total children of the family (p=0.0001). Results of the research shoed that rates of satisfactions for psychosocial needs of the samples have a meaningful correlation with variables such as age of the student (p=0.003), education levels of the mother (p=0.0001), job of the parents (p=0.0007) and total children of the family (p=0.0001).

Finally the result of this research indicates that families economic disorders affects cause an important role against in sufficiency of psychosocial needs in adolescents. Therefore it should be suggested to perform a more developed study about the above subject in order to obtain the most accurate conclusion.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including crohns disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), belong to the group of inflammatory disease with unknown origin, which primarily involve the gastrointestinal tract but also have extraintestinal manifestations. In western studies, an annual incidence of 5-11 in a hundred is thousands estimated and no similar epidemiological studies have been performed so far in Iran. In this study our goal is to determine the pattern of IBD and its clinical aspects in Arak.

In this study of 20 months duration (from april 2000 to sep 2001), all the patients with suspected IBD, referred to specific clinics, were evaluated by careful clinical, paraclinical, colonoscopy and histopathological tests and finally the diagnosis of IBD was made according to these criteria and then the collected data was statistically analyzed.

From the total number of 108 patients , diagnosed with IBD, 97 cases (89.8%) had UC and (10.2%) had CD. From the patients with Uc, 41 (47.4%) were female and 21 (52.6%) were male and in CD patients, 8 cases (72.7%) were female and 27.3% male. 58.8% of UC cases were under 40 yars of age , in 19 cases (19.6%) of patients with UC. The duration of the disease was less than a year. Rectal involvement existed in all the patients with UC. Extraintestinal manifestations were rare except anemia. Patients with CD were all under 30 years old and ileocecal involvement existed in 8 of them with major manifestations of malabsorption syndromes. Recurrent fistulas led to 2 deaths.

Although this is not a broad epidemiological study, our effort eas to detect the maximum number of patients with IBD and in regard with 19 cases with less than a year history of the disease. The annual incidence. Of IBD in Arak is estimated to be more than 3.04% in hundred thousand. In the UC from of IBD. less complications (cancer, stenosis and tioxic colon) were found in comparison to western studies and in the case of CD, the prevalence is much lower but is accompanied by more serious GI complications. it is likely that IBD is no less prevalent in this region than the west but it is more missed and undetected which can be resolved by better evaluation of the patients upon admission.

Clinical education is the most important part of nursing and midwifery education. It is recognized as the heart of professional education. Clinical education includes more than half of nursing and midwifery education and is the base of acquired professional skills in students. So to improve the quality of clinical education its condition must be considered.

This is a descriptive- analytic study to investigate the view of nursing and midwifery students about clinical education condition. The sample was all of nursing and midwifery students in their fourth semester of education. The data was collected using a questionnaire consisting of five parts: demographic characteristics, educational planning, clinical education instructor, the health and medical care team and educational equipment and space.

The results showed that most of the students view on educational planning was good and moderate (each 38.2%), on clinical instructor was moderate (34.4%). On health and medical care team was bad (50%), and on educational equipment and space was good (37.2%). The comparison of nursing and midwifery students view showed that there was no significant difference on educational planning, clinical instructor and educational equipment and space.

Educational program planners have to consider important factors affecting clinical education, specially the health and medical care team and their way of acting, who the majority of the sample of this study had a negative view on them.

The first hours after birth is a critical for parent infant bonding. Touch of skin to skin contact between the infant and mother is necessary development of future parent child attachment, also increase mother care from infant.

This research is random clinical trial, 43 women is group with skin to skin contact and 43 women contact were compared. All of them were primigravida with wanted pregnancy and term newborn. Method of collection data were questionnaire and check list. In case group immediately after birth care, newborn be held with mother for skin to skin, eye to eye contact and breast feeding for 15 minutes. In control group didn’t so contacts. Materred offectionate behavior recorded during feeding in two steps. One in post partum foeld and another in mothers home after one month. The data obtained by descriptive statistics and T.Test.

The mean age of group with contact were 20.6% and control group were 20.34%. 15.2% of group mothers with contact and 53.3% control group mothers knew fetus sex. In first step before leaving the hospital. The highest affectionate behavior in two groups related to looking at infant and lowest to kissing. T.test had significantly different in touching (p=0.01) and talking (p=0.02) in group with contact. Another step, was done after one month all of the mean affectionate behavior in group with contact were high and the highest behavior related to looking at the infant in two groups.

Data showed that maternal affectionate behavior in group with contact were higher than in contact group, first minutes and hours after birth are critical periods, and are necessary to contact between mother and newborn.

Tuberculosis is one of the most important health problems in all around the world. Despite of progression in effective treatment, the disease reduction rate in countries in very slow or ever in significant.

This research is conducted in a descriptive-analytic method among 38 hospitalized patients at internal and infections disease services in Vali-Asr hospital (may 97 to may 98).

15 men (39%) and 23 women (61%) were identified. The major population was observed at age 61-70 and the least over 80 and under 20 years old. The means mean age was 56.5 years (SD=185) and womens 54 (SD=16). The citizens mean age was 47.6 and country people 64.6 that their difference is significant (p=0.01). the above delay was observed 3.2 months for pulmonary tuberculosis (both smear positive and smear negative) and 5.3 months for extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which were 50% lymphatic, 20% bone. 12.5% pritone and female genital (8 of 38). 70% were smear positive. WBC were in normal range (3000-10.000) among 79%. 74% were anemic. The mens mean hemoglobin was significant more than in womens (p=0.03).

According to there are not significant signs for tuberculosis, physician must be more attention to clinical patient finding.