Medical Laboratory Journal
Volume:3 Issue: 2, 2010

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Human Immuno deficiency virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) are the three main agents of Communicable disorders transmitted by blood transfusion. The survey of these virus-caused infections in Blood donors can displayepidemiology of infections in province and be useful for evaluatingdonors’ health. The aim of this study was serologic Study of infections caused by these viruses in Blood donors of Golestan province, Iran. This retrospective study was carried out on all files of blood donors, referred to Golestan Blood transfusion Services, with positive Lab results. We assess the prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV, and demographic data of blood donors and analyzed the data by chi-square, using SPSS soft ware. During 2006-2008, 128198 people have donated in Golestan province. The prevalence of HBV during 2006-2008 was respectively 1.25%, 0.95% and 0.11%; HCV was 0.14%, 0.13% and 0.1%; HIV was 0.0015 %(just 2 cases in 2007). The prevalence of HBV, HIV and HCV is higher in male, married and donors with high school diploma. Also the prevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV is lower in regular donors rather thefirst time donors.(P=0.01) It seems that the prevalence of HBV and HCV is decreasedduring three years. This decrease can be due to physician’s supervision for selecting healthy donor and availability of donors’ medical record.

Hydatid cyst is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases produced by means of Larva stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Since this Hydatid cyst is a widespread disease in many regions of the world and Iran, we decided to study the epidemiological situation of patients infected with hydatid cyst whowere operated in hospitals of Qom, Iran (2004-2007). In this Cross-sectional retrospective study, we surveyed the Medical records of 19 patients infected with hydatid cyst, who were operated in hospitals of Qom (2004-2007). Patients’ demographic data including gender, age, career, dwelling place, number of cysts and the infected organ were collected and analyzed by SPSS software. Out of the 19 patients, 12 cases (63.2%) were female and seven cases (36.8%) male. The highest rate of infection is related to 21- 30 year group (31.65%), homemakers (52.7%) and resident on urban (89.5%). The results show that the organs involved are liver (73.7%) and lung (26.3%). All patients infected with pulmonary hydatid cyst are male. Since 63.2 percent of infected people are female and homemaker,we sugessted having contact with vegetables contaminated with parasite ova is the most important way of infection transmission.

Nowadays, hematologic disorders are leading health problems in our country. This study attempts to help Public heath planners to do prevention measures and to get ready for doing emergency actions in future. In this retrospective cross- sectional Study, we worked on all biopsy and aspiration of bone marrow cases (N=469) referred to Dansh pathobiology lab in Tehran, Iran (2007). The Smears were reevaluated by two pathologists. The data such as diagnosis, age,and gender were collected and reported. The total number of annual cases are 469 people consisting of262 male (55.9%) and 207 female (44.1%). The cases who are less than 15 (15.2%)years mostly suffered from ALL-L2.The highest rate is related to 15-50 years group who mostly have CML and AML. The patients who are more than 50 largely suffer from Plasma Cell Myeloma and CLL. In view of the differences observed in the demographiccharacteristics of hematological disorder In Iran, we strongly recommend a large scale study to public health authorities providing the necessary planning for preventive measures.

A major problem for laboratories especillay in medicolegal centers is drug test false positive and negative results. Using carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or oral contraceptive pills (OCP) are common among addict people to make the results negative. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the effect of these material on morphine urine test. We performed this pre-experimental study on the urine samples of all people referred to narcotic drug laboratory of Markazi province during May of 2005. Of 2110 urine samples, the Morphine Rapid Test of 208 samples was positive. Then by means of TLC method, we confirmed the presence of morphine metabolites in 150 urine samples. After that, we divided these samples into three equal groups for adding carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or OCP. The results show that in carbon paper group, 41 cases are positive and nine cases unclear. In sodium bicarbonate group, 45 samples are positive and 5 cases unclear. In estrogen conjugate group, all 50 samples are positive. According to this study, adding carbon paper, sodium bicarbonate or oral contraceptive pills cannot make negative the Morphine Rapid Test result.

Paraffin-embedded tissues and clinical samples are a valuable resource for molecular genetic studies, but the extraction of high-quality genomic DNA from this tissues is still a problematic issue. In the Present study, the efficiency of two DNA extraction protocols, a commercial kit and a traditional method based on heating and K Proteinase was compared. Fifty paraffin-embedded blocks of colon cancer tissues (more than 5 years old) were used to compare two methods of DNA extraction. DNA was extracted by traditional method using heat and commercial DNA extraction (Qiagen kit) method. Then the purity and concentration of extracted DNA were measured by Spectrophotometer. Two sequences of TLR4 “The most important receptors in innateimmunity” were amplified by polymerase chain reaction. SH-1 ‘188bp’ and SH-2 ‘124bp’ were amplified and then the products were separated on a 2% agarose gel. The results show that the yield of DNA by traditional method(297 mg/ml) is significantly (p<0.01) higher than Commercial kit (176mg/ ml). But traditional method has the lower OD ratio (1.2) Compared to Commercial method. The Amplification of the TLR4 gene sequences is more successful by the traditional method (p<0.01) compared with commercial method. The length of the sequence affectson the results of PCR in that short sequence is amplified more successful compared to the long sequence. The traditional method is more successful in PCR amplification and also simple and cheap. Therefore, we recommend using this method for DNA extraction taken from the paraffin-embedded blocks with more than 5 years old and selecting shorter sequence for better amplification in PCR.

The aim of this study was the detection ofS. pneumoniae infection by rapid urinary test and blood culture in children with pneumonia in comparison with healthy children. This case control study was carried out in pediatric ward of Rasoul Akram hospital in Tehran, Iran (2006 - 2007). Fifty-four Community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and 50 healthy children were selected by simple sampling. The urinary antigen detection test (BINAX NOW co.) was performed on both cases and controls; andblood culture was done for the cases suffered from Pneumonia. Pneumococcal antigenuria is detected in 31. 5 % of CAP and 6 %of controls groups. There is Significant difference between cases and controls (fisher test; CI 95%, P =0. 01). None of the children with nonpneumococcal Pneumonia (positive culture) has antigenuria. The possibility of diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia in children, by means of blood culture, is low. Thirty-one percent of CAP is due to S. pneumonia, by using the rapid antigenuria test. There fore, we recommend using rapid urinary antigen test, in addition to blood Culture test.

A Nosocomial infection is one of the Leading problems causing high mortality among hospitalized patients. This study aimed at confirming the concurrence of Nosocomial infections with microorganisms spreading in the air of hospital wards. This study was conducted in 2009 at ValieAsr Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The Samples were taken from the air of different sections of the hospital both actively (with Quick-Tak, 30) and passively. After that, the samples were investigated for bacerial and fungal contamination and the results were compared with the results of Laboratory Studies of patients in different wards. The Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) ward shows the least fungal and microbial contamination whiles the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) the highest. The fungi are essentially Cladosporium and penicillium while the most well-Known organisms are Micrococcus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Stenotrophomonas is seen in both blood andair culture in thorax surgery ward. Also, the concurrence of Staphylococcus epidermidis in the samples of the air and patients is considerable. There isn’t concurrence between the Nosocomial caused organism, apart from Stenotrophomonas and Staphylococcus epidermidis, and microorganisms isolated from patients. Because the bacterial and fungal organisms are in the air of Hospital, it is a necessity to install proper ventilation system.

Halo interference around antibiogram discis one of the problems seen in Agar media. This study aimed at applyinggraded plate method to reduce this problem. Forty-eight millimeter plates, before putting disc, were graded and the location of discs was determined. Instead of full disc, we used half-disc and then compared the haloe interference, based on clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI), of Klebseila Pneumoniae in the presence of nine different antibiotics. The tests performed on Klebseila Pneumoniae show that fiveantibiotics such as Enrofloxacin (24mm), Flumequine (12mm), Furazolidone (22mm), ampicillin (22mm) and Florfenicle (22mm) cause non-growth haloes while none of them has interference haloe when we use the news method. According to results, the graded plate not only has negativeeffect on Antibiogram results but also is careful and decrease the interference produced by previous methods and its efficacy is increased up to %17.64 when we use 84 diametered Plate.