فصلنامه مطالعات تربیتی و روانشناسی
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1378)

Most works have paid attention to the necessity but not the possibility of religious education. In this article, the meaning of religious education with emphasis on "expression of faith", "initiation into faith", the meaning of God and the special language needed for religious education are described. The philosophy of education and the activities down within educational process from different points of view;Paying attention to rational tradition activities lead to independence of mind are explained. Based on the argumentum presented, the possibility of having religious education is considered.

This study describes family and creativity. The sample consisted of 188 students from 10 primary schools, selected randomly through sampling. The analysis of data was done by t-test and multi-variant regrcsssion. The results show that: (1) The relationship between the democratic family and children's creativity is positive and significant. (2) The relationship between the dictator family and children's creativity is negative and significant, (3)There is no significant relationship between the absolute freedom family and children's creativity, (4) the difference between the scores of boys and girls creativity is not significant

The article is based on the study conducted by the Asian Ban) Development in Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore and Taiwan conce financing education toward development. Policies selected must be well-finar efficient and must produce equity. These selections are very limited in Iran an mostly based on a very limited public finance and non government resources, shown to be inefficient to backup the desired education. After providing sutf evidence of financial realities in Iran, a proposed model to overcome shortcomings is presented

This article is the result of a research which has been conducted for Higher Education Planning and the Research Committee of the Ministry of Culture and Higher Education of Iran. The article covers (1) The world's rapid development at the upcoming new century and the necessity of developing higher education plans, programs and activities; (2) The objectives and methods of investigating Canadian higher education experiences; (3) Policy making in the Canadian higher education and the problem of higher education; (4) The Canadian universities management boards and the process of decision-making in higher education; (5) The financial sources and expenses of higher education in Canada and the province of Ontario; (6) Faculty members of the universities and other higher education institutes; (7) Students of the university and other of higher education; (8) Evaluation of the university activities with regard to the evaluative indicator of higher education in Canada.The results of this investigation indicate that the universities and institutions of higher education in the industrially well developed country of Canada arc, from a classical point of view, working appropriately, but many Canadian scholars and evaluation experts are not very satisfied in this concern. They believe that higher education in Canada needs continuous reevaluation and reconstruction. The accountability of higher education under the expanding technological, economical, social, and cultural life of the country is the most important criteria for evaluating higher education plans and programs. It is needed, therefore, to create suitable new policies for higher education activities. Also, what is important for us to learn from the experience of the provincial higher education activities in Canda is to compare our own national higher education with the advanced one in Canada and to think about the necessity of reconstructing and developing higher education activities in Iran.

A group consisting of the 60 teachers having maximum five years of ser was chosen so that the teaching methods of the high school teachers of the prov of Kerman may be investigated. The necessary data and information was gathi using a questionnaire including 221 questions.The analysis of data shows that teachers have attributed the success of students mainly to the understanding of concepts, principles and strategies, repetitious individual studies, and the ability to represent reasons for conclus and solutions, and the teachers have put emphasis on the students textbooks preparation and provision of the new lesson.Although the teachers have asked their students to represent reasons w discussing, but it has rarely happened that they lead the students to work upon problems which have no evident solutions and they have rarely referred the stud to the scientific resources for finding the answer of some questions.The teachers have selected their subject matter and content from textbook and have mainly relied on individual and personal experiences to represent materials.On the whole, the teachers have spent the 90 minute time of a class reviewing the lesson. The student answering the teacher's questions from the previous lesson introduction and introducing the new subject by the teacher's explanation developing the subject among students, solution of different exercises and practices in the class, and the assignment of homework for the future (according to this order and manner, teachers have acted and spent the time of class).What the teachers have accordingly done has correspondence with the direct teaching in contemplate of Rosenshine (1983). But shows a considerable difference compared with the conception and steps of the indirect teaching. Of course and. 11 that teachers do, is congruent and coordinated with the representing materials to hem in the training courses and all that they have observed and witnessed it practically, but it is necessary that much efforts should be done so that the teachers nay become familiar with the indirect methods in their training courses.

A sample of Ferdowsi University students were selected (n=263).They ' asked to complete 2 questionnaires as: the Attributional Style Questionnaire (A and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) - Both adjusted for the Iranian society. assessed attributional dimensions were: Internality, Consistency, Generality Controllability. Each dimension contains attributions at global, positive and negative situations which arc related to personal or impersonal states. Findings suggested no significant differences between extreme groups when consistency and generality considered. The External group at the positive situations had significantly hi levels of PS than the internal group at the same situations. But, the most signifi differences in PS of groups were found when contorability at personal situation positive or negative) was considered; in these situations more controlability related to less PS.

Neurotic reaction is one of the disorders found in battlefields. This type of disorder is commonly called "war stress" is nothing but the result of the numerous wars taking place in different parts of the world.War stress causes many mental damages among which we mention the post traumatic stress disorder, followed normally by depression.Because of many damages which the war causes, it makes also malingering disorder, a way for individuals to avoid hardship and affliction and try to reach a secondary gain.Some researcher believe that a large number of soldiers struck by PSTD show symptoms of depression (South wick & Yahuda, 1991). Others believe that some of the people who find themselves in some particular situations of war may show symptoms of mental disorders with organic origin and sometimes under the form of major emotional disorders.The objective of the present research is to study the prevalence rate of cases of depression and malingering due to PSTD as well as chemical gases injury, (as a study groups) compared with individual victims of others types of injury (as a comparison group). In this research, depression severity is assessed with Beck Depression inventory (21 question form) and malingering with L, F, K scales of MMPI.The gathered data, when analysed by computer, show that the depression rate among victims of chemical gases is higher than PSTD and other types of injury. Also, the depression rate among PSTD injuries is higher than one in other group of wictims of war.On the other hand, the rate of malingering cases among PSTD injuries is higher than malinger among the chemical gases ones, which is also higher than other groups injured in war.