پژوهشنامه حکمت و فلسفه اسلامی
سال چهارم شماره 15 (پاییز 1384)

The legitimate or lawful (mashroo') defense is one of the natural rights of human-being and it is vital for the survival of all living creatures. The legitimate defense is recognized in all devine religions. The jurists (foqaha) of Islamic sects have discussed about the legitmate defense in two realms: One is the book "Jihad" which has the organized defense against the invasion of foes into consideration. In the mentioned realm, the jurists of all sects have pronounced a decree (fatva) for the legitimacy of such a defense. They even do not consider those conditions necessary for Primitive Jihad* for the legitimate defense. The other realm, where in the legitimate defense is discussed about, is fendig off oneself, the female member's chastity of one's family, and one's property against the trespassers and invaders. The present study clarifies that there is a consensus of jurist's opinion on the legitimacy of such defenses. There exist some diversities of opinions concerning the obligation of defense in some cases such as defending one's property, however.

From among the important and controversial subjects which have not yet been discussed in jurisprudence (fiqh), we can refer to the issue of recognizing criterion of Allah's Right and people's right. This is while in the discussions and books on jurisprudence, numerous samples of Allah's Right and people's right are discussed and taken into consideration.In the present essay, some criteria proposed by Shiite jurists (foqaha) and scholars are carefully surveyed. The existing various definitions of right (haq), verdict (hokm) and the important indicators of Allah's Right and people's right are studied as well.

At the advent of Islam, the people of Jazirat-al-Arab were acquainted with different religions like Jwism, Christianity, Haneef and Idolatry. In this concern, some questions may be raised:1.Whether Haneef has used to be a common world wide religion or not?2.Which religion did the Holy Prophet (S.A.A.S) use to follow before the arrival of Islam? If Christianity used to be the universal religion before the advent of Islam, was the Holy Prophet one of it's followers?Religion the importance and position of Haneef Religion, and the related unanswered questions; the present survey struggles to figure out the true nature of Haneef and to answer the questions through researching into the literal and idiomatic meaning of Haneef existing in different verses, narrations and other historical

Studying different circumstances and historical factors of forming, developing, ascending and finally descending the Mutazeleh way of thinking is the goal of the essay. To clarify the mental and social reasons of forming Mutazeleh group and the commencement and termination of them, the writer has discussed different views about the intellectual and social backgrounds of Mutazeleh, and then he has continued with mentioning the historical periods of the group. Finally, the effective factors of social and political descending of the Mutazeleh believers are elaborated

The process of dating Quran refers to the appointment of the Quran’s Surahs revelation dates. Since the research is on the history, the method of research is based on historical proofs, creditable traditions and the contents of verses. Thus, most Muslim researchers of Quran have referred to Ibn-Abbas tradition to date the Surahs; but since, the orientalists have referred to the tune and the style of the surahs and verses and supported their ideas with poor tradition, they have somehow come up with wrong and unbalanced results. These facts indicate that the basis and criteria of this research has been nothing but personal imaginations