فصلنامه پژوهشهای روستایی
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1389)

Rural community and their services، productive activities، because of strong relation with environment، from long bygone were exposed to disastrous natural power. Therefore residents of every region by experiment، apply the approaches and measurement to contrast with these events and reduce the damage of them in their community. public attention focused on physical factor and human making environment، especially settlement and hasn’t pay attention to integrated attitude that include economical، social and environmental systems. Regional rural development in border of rivers، bed of flood plains without attention to rivers Hydrologic and Dynamic in basin topside، incentive increase of flood danger، bane، financial and infrastructure damage in rural region.. In this article with attention to climate characters، topographic profile in flood plains، rainfalls sustain time and flood recurrence period، appoint to flood zoning in course of Gorganrud River for identity of rural point in flood hazard. Danger of flood in Iran، increased worriedly in early years، that it was the result of interference change and human activities in ecological structure of around environment، that in each period of time، as regards to the community developing level، the approaches pursue to reduction this disaster. Really، using of this planning management pattern could be change the rural people condition toward themselves around environment، some deal and also with using of their potencies and experiment، benefit in flood management. On the other hand، about flood phenomena and its occurrence in earlier decade، new pattern of planning management regarded، that more than structural management regard to nonstructural management. Rural points in Gorganrood basin permanently affected by flood. MethodologyThis way could aid planers to think a necessary planning and management scheme for danger reduction before flood occurrence in rural area and rural flood hazard suppression to minimum limit. For achieve this result، use of HEC-GeoRAS model in GIS sphere and LANDSAT ETM+ satellite images، DTM and etc. result show that used model is a useful and appropriate tools for flood management in rural area. With this attitude، in this article try to use of descriptive and analytic methodology، answer to this key question that ''what are the effective factor (economical، social and ecological) in flood management process with participatory approach، during three period of flood occurrence (before، along and after) Results & DiscussionTherefore، this study tries to study rural people attitude toward participation and amount of its efficiency in flood destroyer impacts reduction. For this purpose، in three dimensions، economic، social and environmental dimensions، rural people participation in three period of flood occurrence، before، along and after، with attributive and territorial methodology and with descriptive and statistic analyzing method. Result of this study demonstrate this reality that answerable prefer economic participation، but rural people belief to social participation in flood management. On the other hand two groups under study prefer that participation has a high influence in flood management، when implement before of flood occurrence. ConclusionAs we mentioned in this chapter، water- based threats and risks have been considered as one of the energy related and expensive problems in many countries. That is why; we assumed it as ever increasing difficulties of the present world which requires serious attention. It must be noted that despite of inevitable effects of the local conditions، we have to use the experiences of other regions in such risks management; also، the necessity of local communities'' participation is very efficient as the first and the most important vulnerable population. In the present research we define and state the flood management، also we define disaster، participatory management and the flood management. Then we explain traditional and modern approaches on the flood management. The traditional approaches contained structural and none-structural ones which were replaced by the modern approaches; because they had very low and relative successes in the flood management arena. The modern approaches contained systematic or integrated management and community-based or participatory management they were replaced and combined in order to be effective and efficient. We also explain the advantages and the aspects of the community-based and participatory approaches in the flood management، in order to study whether such approaches enable the local communities and villages to reduce threats and hurts and whether they are responsive the research questions.

Public Participation from viewpoint of experts is that much valuable that sometimes becomes equal to development or the means or purpose of development. Participation as a social reality and essence of human societies has deeply existed historically in human social life and is among the processes that have been changed into multi-forms by lapse of time. From the past times countrymen have had numerous Participation behaviors in form of self-help، others-help and cooperation that some of them have been existing so far. Such type of Participations are intentional، voluntary، spontaneous and without intervention of an external factor. Upon influence of the government on the rural society after land reforms and start up of countrymen support oriented policies، assignment of farmlands، granting contributions in kind and in cash without exchange to the countrymen، performing civil projects with governmental budget and developmental programs originated from the west and without any coordination with the Iranian rural society، led to disappearance of traditional Participation patterns and the government could not find a suitable substitute for such patterns; this trend caused the fading and in some cases completely disappearance of rural spontaneous Participations and cooperation and many activities were expected to be done by the government. In fact the concentrated government was not in need of having Participation of the people because of achievement of new financial resources (oil sale income، etc.)، no tax was received from the people، their needs were not met and consequently the people and the government were considered as separated. To compensate inequalities and deprivation removal، the contributions were increased during the years after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. In the beginning in the process of Construction Mobilization no emphasis was on work of rural people، instead faithful and purified manpower were dispatched to villages to do harvesting or fruit picking. If in the past only Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Civil was in charge of rural sector، after the revolution different institutions such as Construction Mobilization، Ministry of the Interior، Welfare Organization، Cooperation Organization، Foundation for the Poor، Imam Khomeini Relief Committee، Foundation for Martyrs، etc. have intervened in rural affairs and instead of playing role of gradual guidance، have continued role of intervener and helper of the rural people and this fact has led to increase of dependency of the people to the government and decrease of spirit of self-sufficiency and Participation. In fact Participation is a multi-dimensional flow، i. e. their legitimacy is not materialized only by the government because in different societies especially rural ones، there have been some institutions from the past that had been founded based on the requirements and they have survived so far and have obtained their legitimacy from social، cultural and ethical characteristics، with no need of the governments legislation. Following the imported patterns with no attention to cultural، social and economic record of the village and establishment of new Participation institutions lead to boosting of dependency of the rural people and non-use of traditional Participation patterns. Unfortunately in Iran “Modernity” refers to a group of economic and social evolutions mainly made by the highest point of fluency and power. In this paper a number of solutions have been tried to be presented to make a balance between the traditional Participation patterns and modernization programs. In this process combinational solutions are proposed and while enjoying local knowledge of rural people، that part of modernization programs is selected to be applied that is in coordination with bases of tradition and culture of rural society in order to revive Participation of rural people. To come to this result، we are in need of adjustment of power and shrinking the base of the power pyramid، paving the way for activity and Participation of the rural people، boosting spirit of collectivism، improvement of relation of the government and the nation، increasing tolerance of governmental officers in assignment of responsibilities to people، creation of group and shifting responsibilities، paying attention to social and cultural expectations، requirements and priorities of the society and contribution of the government to partners in form of contracts.

Housing is a one of the most important human’s requirement and is one of the geographical phenomenon of a region and geographical factors (that differ in each area and obtain specifiction of each area) has important role in sharing its kind beside the ethnical، historical and psychological factor)Human and it’s around environment in small or large scales has mutual relations and by profit or force and innate flexibility for agreement with environmental conditions، are trying for improve their around environment and outlook of this improvementis obvious in housing different parameters and variabled contribute in determination of condition of housingProviding proper accommodation is one of the important problems in our country and is considered as one of the emergency issues in society and is extremely vital and for the same reason it has been on focus in the Islamic Republic Constitution to provide proper accommodation for all of the society classes as a right for each individual. (The article 31 of constitution). The seventh chapter of international biology and development conference and in spring of 1992 is also a report under the topic of promoting stable development of humane accommodation in which we focus on different discussions regarding stable development of humane accommodation، stable management programming of land application، programming promotion، and humane accommodation management in accidental regions، providing environmental infrastructures، promoting energy stable systems and transformation in humane accommodation. This report consists of all the discussions regarding development of human accommodation and it can be a proper guide for providing development programs of human accommodation and we expect that they will be considered in establishing accommodation programs of country. In another hand، a great part of countries constant investment is exerted to building activities and because these activities are effective in production and activity of many industries، therefore it is necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of accommodation situation in different city and country parts. The current research has been performed by the aim of analyzing parameters and determining the effective parameters in country accommodation development in geographical sections of Kohkiloye-va-boyerahmad and classification of each of them. As it can be seen from the text، this study is a interconnected and descriptive type and has used statistical methods (factor analysis and cluster analysis) to analyze regarding variables and then using geographic information system as a system composed of: hardware، software، live ware، geographic information، methods and analytic models that are used to obtain، store، management، process and analysis of information، it provides the necessary support in order to manage all the required information to plan agriculture the analysis results are shown as a diagram so as to achieve the optimum state of country accommodation by accurate programming. development the comparsion of each variable change arrangement of each township in table. In the present work using humam and housing public statistics of kohgiloye and boyer ahmad province in 1385، 53 variables (reduced to 23 indicators) were studied Then variables reduced by factor-analysis method and provinced in meaningful factors as compound، Therefore، the first element namely {facilitations} that accounts for 26. 006 percent of social variance was identified as the most important determinant in accommodation situation of Kohkiloye and Boyeahamad country، the second element، namely {ownership} which accounts for 18/131 percent of social variance is the second important determinant. The third element namely {constructions} which accounts for 10/576 percent of social variance is identified as having positive and upward interrelation and the fourth and fifth element namely {facilities and structure strength} respectively accounted for 9/361 and 6/988 percent of social variance and the other elements did not have any substantial impact on the accommodation situation. The result from utilized analysis shows that the central part of Boyer ahmad is solely located in one level، the Patave، Gachsaran Markazi and Markazi kohkiloye parts are in another level and Kabgian، Markazi Behmayi، Lande، Markazi Dena، Sarfavyab، Charam، Basht، Lodab، Dishmot، Charosa، Bahmayi Garmsiri and Margon parts are located in the next even level. in the next stage the impact in housing condition percentage of each factors determined then township classification and determination of harmonious township is performed by SPSS software and cluster-analysis method (determine harmonious group basis on the minimum distance) therfore the townships were grouped in 3 clusters. Finally the result of leveling sections mapped by geographical information system software (Arc view) special distribution of developing rural housing and place of each section of privince identified in cindition of developing rural housing.

IntroductionThe most important subject in villager''s researches is survey of household''s incomes. Most of Iran villagers are farmers and they live with money of selling agriculture outputs. Then every event that damages their outputs، can cause villagers poor. In this paper، we introduce a model for studying the effects of agriculture outputs improvement on poverty in villages. For empirical survey، we review the effects of agriculture outputs improvement on worker''s wages in villages of Gorgan and Gonbad e Kavoos with NLS method and survey effects of good weather on poverty in rural sector. Results of this paper show that outputs improvement in agriculture sector can be the way for comparison with poverty in villages and securing villagers living. Research MethodologyIn this paper، we divided poverties to three fields. First، workers that work in land of owns of lands. Second، people that have land but their land is so small and they can not have so much products and their productions are so low. Third، people that do not have land and should work on other''s land. Now، when agriculture products decrease، these people income decline and then poverty rises. This classification comes from studies of Barret and Dorosh (1996). They used this classification in their studies in rural sectors and with this classification can survey poverty so better. In this paper as an experienced work، we survey effects of improvement of productions in agriculture sector on poverty in some rural of Iran. Then because rice is one of most important productions in Iran and many farmers live with moneys that come from selling of rice، we limit our survey to effects of improvement of rice productions on farmers of Gorgan and Gonbad e Kavoos living. Reason of this limiting is existence of data of agriculture''s productions and yearly products of these lands. Therefore we limit our survey to 300 farmers of these villages and years of 1370 to 1386. In this paper we use from NLS that is an econometric method for estimate and is stochastic. ResultsIn this paper we divide poverties to three groups، people that they do not have land، farmers that work on land of others and people that have small land for product only their foods. Then we select a sample with size of 300 ricers from rural of gorgan and gonbad e kavoos for years of 1370 to 1386. Then we estimate an equation with NLS method. Results of this estimation id\s shown that whether is affected on farmer''s productions. Therefore if whether be so bad the farmer''s productions will be so low and then farmer''s income will be so low and productions will be so low. Then that damages living of households. In this paper we consider improvement of agriculture productions as increasing productions of real land and it has positive relation with worker''s wage. We shoe that increasing the number of farmers has negative effect on real wage of each worker، because of with rise of supply of labor، wage of each worker declines. Number of lands with real wage of each worker has positive relation، then with increasing of number of lands wage of each worker rises and reason of that is increasing demand for workers. Important result of this paper is that wether is so much important factor that affects on farmer''s productions and therefore that is affects on poverty. The aim of this paper is that we want to show improvement productions of agriculture sector can affects on improvement of rural workers wages and living of Landers. Then our surveys show that good wether is an effective factor that affects on poverty in rural sectors. ConclusionResults of this survey show that improvement of productions of agriculture sector cause to improvement of rural worker''s wage and secure foods of all people of Iran. We show that weather is a factor that affects on poverty in rural sector and can cause to decreasing of productions in this sector and cause to decreasing of demand for employ of more workers. Therefore we proposed that different ways for improvement of productions in agriculture sector can cause to rising of worker''s wages and can secure food of people of all of country. That improvement of methods of swimming and using from soil and improvement the protection of government from agriculture products as comparison with import of many different kinds of external production that are producted by internal farmers in our country، can improve productions in rural sector. At least we should say that attention to rural''s living can avoid from migration of rural people to urban.

Remedy of resources depletion as one of the most nowadays crisis، requires the use of scientific methods and making appropriate policies and sustainable development. Environmental planning for sustainable development requires considering and assessing of environmental capabilities and comprehensive use of land resources in a rational framework. Planning for optimum use of current lands will led us to correct use of lands and use according to their abilities، in the framework of this planning، lands would be evaluated and coordination of them to the uses will be measured according to their ecological abilities. In this study، evolution is made multilateral with looking at all aspects of environmental situation of a region as a planning unit. This arises from the strong interrelationship between the agricultural development and environmental resources. The present study attempts to assess the environmental capabilities of a rural region (named Choghakhor located at the Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province in south-west Iran) towards the agricultural development assuming that the region is environmentally capable for comprehensive and sustainable development. In the studied area، destruction of resources، changing land use and reducing farming lands، destruction and erosion of soil، lack of economical bases، unemployment and lack of collection of capital، indicate the resources which there is not correct use of them، and the need for evaluating environmental capacity for developing agriculture and rural stability. The approach in this study is descriptive- analytic and for gathering information، different documentary – field methods like observing، interview and using current information، books، magazine and maps are mixed. For analyzing data and maps we used different programs and for evaluating environmental ability we used ecological models. In this study، two concepts of “environmental abilities “and “evaluation “are in the center. By environmental abilities we mean a set of environmental data which are effective in economical usage of human. Evaluation of environment abilities is determining possible usage if land for different purposes. For evaluating land ability and calculating coordination of it for different uses، there are different methods. In this study to survey the situation and ecological ability we used the method of systematic analyze and ecological model of Makhdoom. The steps of work are gotten from steps of planning and preparation of land which was presented in 1993 by Dalal، Cliton and Dent in England. For preparing required maps، we used Topographic 1. 25000 maps of Avargan، Zeverdegan، Beldaji، Sabz Koh، and fir analyzing data we used Corel and Arc view. In addition، vast field studies were done at the time of collecting information. The environmental capacities and ecological resources of the region were then identified and relevant data provided as layers based on the land use planning methods and a systemic analysis approach. Following that، the homogenous units and their land-use priorities were distinguished based on the ecological criteria and capacities. For determining preferences، a principal measure is current situation of land. This is done in different ways. Here، we used comparison method which is done in both quality and quantity for Iran. Research works of Noori (1995) by the title of “determining regional differences and evaluating potential of agriculture of Esfahan “، Evans et al (2000) by the title of “evaluating of environmental abilities for developing agriculture in Hanford، Kauzeni et al (1993) by the title of “evaluating recourses and land use planning in Tanzania، Fallah Miri and coworkers (2008) by the title of ranking Ecologic power of agriculture of Kesililan by GIS، Babaii and Onagh (2006) by the title of evaluating development power and preparation of auriferous region of Poshtkooh and Sahrifi & Makhdoom (2004) preparation of lands of auriferous region of Kabar – Kohk of Qom، are listed in researches of this field. As the results show، the most lands of the study area assessed uncap able for grade 1 agricultural practice، but there are appropriate for rangeland and grade 2 and 4 agricultural activities. In conclusion، although the land resources of the study area are not suitable for long lasting agriculture، but dry farming and irrigated gardening are strongly recommended for the region. Moreover correct use is done in few cases، and converting lands to waterless cultivation which is done is many places، has caused soil erosion. Also، every region has lots of environmental resources like trees which are not used yet. Keywords:

The agricultural sector is exposed to a variety of risks، which occur with high frequency. These include climate and weather risks، natural catastrophes pest and diseases، which cause highly variable production outcomes. Therefore، Farmers may make decisions every day that affect farming operations. Many of the factors that affect the farmers’ decisions cannot be predicted with complete accuracy. Farming has become increasingly risky as farmers become more commercial. Farmers need to understand risk and have risk management skills to better anticipate problems and reduce consequences. In the coming decades، production risk is one of the important risk resources that has impressed life''s farmers and caused falling income & increasing vulnerability. Research findings show that the impact of production risk is not limited to the stark evidence on damage costs or lost lives but also reflects the possible impact on the developmental trajectory of a particular country. Kermanshah is one of the disastrous provinces in Iran، where agriculture is the basis of livelihood for the majority of the population. In this province، every year occur many production risks such as low rainfall، drought، hail or heavy rains، pests and disease، breakdown or unavailability of equipment and spare parts. The main purpose of this descriptive correlational research was to determinate the factors influencing strategies used for production risk management by corn farmers in Kermanshah Township. To reach this purpose، the following objectives were considered: -to study socio-demographic characteristics of corn farmers-to analysis farmer''s perception toward production risk-to rank strategies for production risk management by corn farmers The population for this study was the corn farmers of the Kermanshah Township that have previous experience in corn production (N=3239). A systemic sample of farmers was selected (n= 30). Amos and SPSS were used for data analysis. Based on findings، most of farmers believe that production risk is an economic phenomenon that cannot be controlled. This risk resource has long-term effects on life''s farmers. In addition، this phenomenon will increase the feeling of anxiety & defeat in farmers’ life. Usage level of new strategies for managing production risk among corn farmers was very low. Corn farmers in Kermanshah Township manage control risk production in a moderate level. Age، land ownership، and farm income were the most important factors influencing on usage level of strategies for managing production risk.

The most important and principal discussion related to agriculture and village is the role and task of agriculture as the main and common economic rural activity. As today، many of researchers and scientists، regard the agricultural development as the main strategy and main guideline of rural development، and believe that agriculture as the main resource of income and vocation options plays an important role in rural development. With no doubt، the movement of one country towards development and prosper، is not possible but through correct usage of all the resources and capacity. For this، there have always been different obstacles in country villages as the bed of agriculture activities that usually yield negative and harmful effects to this section. Correct collation with these obstacles and realization of agricultural development objective، requires reviewing past experiences، acknowledging current status، outlining the future observation and accurate evaluation of possible breakthrough from current situation. This is not possible but through necessary and relevant requirements for each region that are in harmony with reformations and country needs for taking advantage of scientific and technical innovations. Thus، in this test we study the agricultural challenges in the east Silakhor village in accordance with the important role of agriculture as the common activity of villagers and studying its influence of population status of the study region. The research method is survey which is obtained collecting statistics and data from interviewing، observation and questioner. The statistical population of this research was the parents of all the 12 villages of east Silakhor. Thus، initially we obtain a deeper understanding of the related village by using population statistics and reports of related departments in the state and section and center of village and using GIS software for frequency map of villages and some of supplementary data with the subject. Then a questioner was provided named village questioner، in order to name features of each village and vocation status in the region. Then، another questioner was provided in order to obtain accurate data regarding the status of agricultural lands، harvest method، irrigation method، popularity and other issues and their effect on decrease in land under harvest and recognition of the main obstacle in agriculture of region and studying the change in land under harvest and the population status of the study region. In this questioner، the Cochran formulation was used in order to gain the logical size of population sample. A sample size of 147 was collected according to the social volume of 1617 families، in order to assure the validity، 150 parents were chosen for replication. In order to be in regard with task technique and principals and credit amount and perpetuity in edition and arrangement of questioner، the context of questioner was supported in all the sections by consulting the experts of agricultural development، irrigation and harvest in the region، and then 30 questioners were completed and distributed as the initial test in two villages of research region that were not part of statistical samples، and using obtained data and using the special coefficient of Alpha Cronbach in SPSS software، the validity coefficient of questioner was more than 0. 87. The results from statistical analysis in SPSS software show that the distribution of lands and their small lands causes less usage of machinery and non usage of new irrigation methods have had a significant role in losses of resources and this issue as the most important element، had a significant role in releasing many of lands in lands of east Silankhor village. Release of many lands finally resulted in reduction of income and unprofitability of agriculture works in the region and has had a significant role in reducing the population. As results show، the weakness of agricultural basis and unsatisfactory income form it has the most significant role in reducing the east Silankhor village population in 10 past years (1377-1378). Also in order to analyze the population status of this village، 1377 was used as the onset year and we studied the expected population according to natural growth rate in 10 past years in region villages (2. 25 percent). In this regard the final growth rate and villagers immigration was respectively -0. 70 and -2. 96 which show the bad situation in this village. Instituting cooperative companies، developing agricultural development projects in the village like total modification of water network، support the quality and quantity of training programs، public communication and developing the integration of lands regarding more cooperation of farmers and executive institutions، are propositions that are provided based on research results.