پژوهشنامه ادب غنایی
پیاپی 14 (بهار و تابستان 1389)

Elegy is a kind of poem which is written to mourn the occasions of losing beloved persons and comfort the remaining or in natural disasters. Elegies for the loss of other poets are of the oldest one the first examples of which are found in Roudaki’s Diwan in the mourning a poet called Moradi or in the elegy of Shahid Balkhi. In the contemporary age, there has also been elegies by the poet’s friends or even enemy’s to express their friendship, to show their work relationship, and to present their interest in poetry. This kind of elegy seems to have more literary valuable in comparison to other kinds since it holds especial and original feelings; some examples include elegies by Malek-o-shoaraye Bahar about Iraj Mirza and elegies for the loss of great poets like Akhavan Sales, Sepehri, Farrokhzad, Shamloo,etc. One of the widely observed elements in such elegies is " regret ". A sense of regret is especially tangible when the poet’s friend is lost. This article is an attempt to shed light on different corners of the issue " regret " which underlies the nostalgic feelings in contemporary elegiac poems.

In the late 1800s, a new school of thinking emerged in reaction to the classical school. Romanticism is a multi-aspect revolution and its roots and foundations should be sought in Europe. French revolution, industrial revolution and development of urbanization could be considered among the causes of the emergence of romanticism. Emergence of romanticism is simultaneous with the collapse of classical system, industrial revolution, growth of urbanization, development of middle social class, increase of literacy and the like which are all new events so that the classic human was not familiar with them. This school gradually spread all over the world and infected the literature of other nations including that of Iran although not as a school of thinking and an overall movement but as a literary trend along with other trends such as classicism, and realism that, in fact, was caused by cultural and socio-economic factors. It seems that with the content features such as criticizing the realizations of the modern civilization, return to childhood, village praising, nature praising, recreation and nostalgia, …….,literary romanticism is more prominent and more colorful in Naderpour’s poems compared to other poets’works. This paper aims to display romanticism tendencies of Naderpour’s poems with a content analysis approach.

The design that Nima presented of “being a poet” was not a subjective, and academic one which was separate from his life, but was a design of life and a report of feelings, wishes and desires of his contemporary people, and from this aspect it was quite different from poetic traditions of his homeland. Before Nima, traditional approaches of Persian poetry had separated “being a poet” from life and its painful realities and put it in the quarantine of “political power” or “Sufi intoxicatedness” or “fiery loves” or “poets’ personal concerns”. That is, our classical poetry was based on four main columns and poetic thoughts were turning round these four columns: “the praised”, “the deity”, “the beloved” and “the poet himself”. At the time of Nima, even the most accepted poetic interpretations considered poetry as a means of expressing poet’s feelings and internal emotions and had been banned from social life. Nima’s main art was to bring all these classical columns down and replace them with his contemporary human.

Nezami in Panj Ganj especially in”Khosraw and Shirin” created such a masterpiece in lyric poetry whose sweetness never disappears from memory. Love is introduced in many lyric works, but none is as impressive as those by Nezami. Even the love introduced in Leily and Majnoon story is not as attractive as Khosraw and Shirin. The secret of this attractiveness is the character of Shirin who, in comparison to other sweethearts, has more wisdom and is more mature. She is neither as aggressive as Weis in Weis-o- Ramin, nor as bashful and tribally limited as leyli in Leyli-o-Majnoon. Shirin is a free lady, who is not only a sweetheart but also a lover. She takes risks for the sake of love, and turns her back on the materialistic desires, selects to travel for love and welcomes the difficulty of love patiently. When she does not find the lover mature enough, helps him to develop his spirit and then marries him and dies next to his lifeless body. This writing tries to study the narration structure of the story in a different way and detect symbols and secrets of the story of Khosrow-o-Shirin by analyzing Shirin’s character and behavior according to mystic criteria so as to show Nezami’s mystic view and his obligation to mysticism in this love story.

Love is a reply to the riddle of human’s existence and a complete answer to his most profound need, for overcoming separation and liberation from loneliness prison. The concept of love in Shakespeare’s sonnets is very close to Persian literary texts. Sa’di’s sonnets are of the best love manifestations, and this love can be compared with that of Shakespeare. Chronically, Shakespeare is nearly three centuries far from Sa’di, but regarding content, there are remarkable resemblances in their sonnets. This study was conducted in a meaning comparison approach aiming at comparing content and concept in Shakespeare’s sonnets with that of S’di’s. Some remarkable similarities were observed regarding meaning content between Shakespeare and Sa’di’s sonnets. First similarities and then differences were classified. Since the number of Sa’di’s sonnets is bigger than that of Shakespeare, the frequency of a single concept is higher in Sa’di’s sonnets; therefore, several examples from Sa’di are compared with one or a few examples from Shakespeare. Finally, it should be mentioned that this manuscript does not afford to cover all Sa’di and Shakespeare’s sonnets; however, it can be a clear perspective for more studies.

Modern literature, literary criticism, and west philosophy have all been influenced by the opinions of Iris Murdoch, one of the greatest English writers and West philosophers, however, unfortunately this famous writer and thinker is not known well in Iran. In most of Murdoch’s novels, philosophy plays an important role throughout events and in characterization and different ethical-philosophical notions such as his viewpoints about love and its power, art, ethics, goodness, God and reality are interwoven with the novel. In fact, one of the main parts of each novel is the lovers whose feelings, emotions and interactions illustrate the ethical and refining power of love. Since Murdoch’s opinion about characteristics of real love versus virtual love is, in fact, a reflection of his years of experiences, studies, teaching, and thinking in west literature and philosophy, the aim of the writer in this library study was to investigate and introduce love and its power in two novels of ‘Under Lace” and “Black Prince” which hopefully can lead to presenting the position of love in Murdoch’s works and in a broader scale in west literature.

Samuel Richardson is of the pioneers of novelists who played a major role in developing the novel style. His famous work "Pamela or Virtue Rewarded" is very similar to the story of "Khossro Va Shirin" by Nezami Ghanjavi. This paper deals with the comparison between these two works and indicates their similarities. Both of them are of romance. The heroines of both stories are women and anti-heroes are wealthy, famous and capricious men who are seeking to seduce the heroines. Both heroines are deeply in love with the men, but resist against their desires and waiting for formal proposal of marriage. Finally, the heroes propose the formal marriage to the beloved women and the love results in the positive and gradual evolution. The concept of both works is the triumph of patience and virtue over seduction and caprice.