فصلنامه سیاست
سال چهلم شماره 4 (پیاپی 16، زمستان 1389)

Lots of Papers has been written about Iran’s Military Strategy explain Military strategy of Iran is Deterrence, but there is a little Paper that Explain Why Iran Chose this Strategy? The Paper tries to Answer this Question. Two Hypotheses are presented as Probable Answers to the Question: 1-Chang of Balance Power in the Middle East 2- Intensification of U.S Pressure on Iran for Regime Change.

Preparing a more pure Islamic context for the political sciences courses in the Iranian universities, has been a major issue for the cultural authorities of the country through three recent decades.Through this article, we try in fact to propose a theoretical framework for discussing the problems and the suggestions of this issue. Based on an opinion poll between students from state and non-state universities and according to a study of elite's ideas, we suggest a model entitled "Making indigenous (home-grown) of political knowledge along with using a more realistic Islamic jurisprudence ". Looking with a more broadened and comprehensive understanding of Islam, permits us to suggest a large number of good and up-to-date propositions to the theoretical problems of the political science. We think that the pure reasoning and the impartial logic and judgment, elaborated by Islamic intellectuals, should be considered more than before in the Islamic jurisprudence.

Globalization is the most obvious aspect of epoch after national government. Globalization is a new phenomenon which is aim to alter the world and united all creatures under a rule and limiting its domination on the world and governmental sovereignty. Globalization in continues of governments power limitation and enfeebling the political borders and national Sovereignty. In this article factors that in direction of globalization may enfeebling national sovereignties such as interference in governmental sovereignty with the philanthropist excuse or interference of moral values and related issues are studied.

Throughout the history, the types of governments and administrative systems of societies have had direct impacts on the rights of men in general and on those of women in particular. Over the passage of history, there was a time when there existed no major gap between men and women and even woman domination can be seen. By the growth of economy and advancement in ownership and accumulation of goods, the concentration of wealth in the hands of mainly men, led to the monopolization by men of decision-making. This led to the creation of inequality of various kinds between men and women in that some are of the view that the only solution to this inequality is to make a positive discrimination in favour of women. The increasing attention of the world community to human rights and the achievements in the field, together with decolonization movements has made this progress stronger. These developments have had impacts on the world including the Islamic countries.

One of the most important instruments of Iranian foreign policy is an active and proactive cultural diplomacy. The exercise of such a diplomacy is more essential in neighboring strategic region of Persian Gulf. Hence, this article strives to explore and explaine different aspects of Iran’s cultural diplomacy and various determining variables that necessitate its exercise in that region. The maine argument is that profound political, economical, social and cultural developments in the region have made conventional cultural diplomacy insufficient and ineffective; So that, redefinition and revision of the old one and formulation and performance of a new one is necessary and inevitable.

In This paper the outlooks of different scholars and researchers involved in studying political culture in Iran have been reviewed and analyzed based on sociological and psychological viewpoints of different stratums of Iran history. This can also be an Introduction to the recognition of effective components of political culture in Iran. In so doing, a documentary method has been applied as the prime approach to the study of the components of political culture. Above all, we can conclude that natural and cultural geography, historical backgrounds, public culture, religion and the structure of power have played great and effective roles in the process of socio-political reformations and the formation of political culture in Iran. At the end of this article general components of political culture in Iran have been discussed.

A brief study on the history of 20th century reveals that capitalist system has been facing to political, military and economic crisis including world wars I and II, economic crisis of 1929 and 1973, economic crisis of southeast of Asia in 90s and the current economic crisis. While theories of international political economy have in common with the occurrence of the crisis itself, they are different on its nature, reasons and solution strategies. Theory of hegemonic stability, meanwhile, is trying to scrutinize the crisis and its origins through a different, scientific and historical prospect. From this viewpoint, hegemon is the main factor of flourishing the international political economy as its crisis refers to the fall of the hegemon. In better words, as global economy flourishing in 50s and 60s originated from America hegemony and mechanisms created by that like GATT (later WTO), IMF, World Bank, as well as preserving west security through NATO and oil security, world economy crisis in 70s and after on refers also to the fall of American hegemony.

This article explain unsuccessful Iranian intellectual's attempts in the fields of thoughts and politics through surveying ideas of Ehsan Tabari and Jalal Ale-Ahmad. It tries to show that theirs ideas have been under hegemony of political formalism; so their naïve attitudes has converted their thought to an ideology which serve to political aims based on a political formalism.

From 2006 to 2008 Russian government adopted an aggressive foreign policy toward the West, particularly the United States. In this article, the author claims that one should search for the main factor in the ‘feeling danger in the European borders of Russia’ and more clearly in ‘serious endangering of European balance of power’ from the perspective of Russian authorities after 60 years. I have tried to study the issue from the viewpoint of constructivists and tried to set forth the issues of Russian foreign policy in this decade and refer to aggressive policy of Russia in the second duration of Putin presidential. Then I show the importance of European balance of power and American anti-ballistic missile system in Eastern Europe for Russia.

Values are the foundation for security. Thus, security measures in their various forms are either to preserve these values or to prevent potential threats against them. By disintegration of the bipolar political order in the world and transformation of its international system a conceptual transition from "International security" into "Global security" was formed followed by a variety of consequences. Now, the question is that: Which values were displaced in such a conceptual transition, what are the new threats and how are the methods to secure the subject values?In the light of the global security in which some new role models such as individuals, NGOs, social movements and identities are now getting involved in international arena, the extent of security threats has relatively enhanced and the major goal of this paper is to examine the extent of security reforms needed to cope with the new situation.The paper will also deal with an explanation of the two concepts of international security and global security, their pertinent values and the sources of threats involved. Furthermore, the paper will analyze the means and methods to preserve the relevant values in order to provide a suitable trend of security in today's international environment.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is developing into a major regional institution in the heart of Central Eurasia. To make any predictions about the SCO, one must examine factors contributing to Russian and Chinese foreign policy behaviors in Central Asia. Does the seductive presumption of a looming battle for control of Eurasia smell of a new “Great Game” and great power rivalry? Answering this question requires knowing how its 2 key players, Russia and China, view the SCO. This Article delves deeper into what is driving Russian and Chinese interests in Central Asia, and thus the SCO. This causes to formed the Soft Balances against the U.S.

A major objective of this paper is to present a theoretical and analytical framework for better understanding and measuring the consequences of increasing poverty and inequality in income distribution at different levels in the developing countries. The research hypothesis to be tested here is that globalization has led to increasing economic inequality within countries and between them, and has multiplied the probability of authoritarian rule. The author endeavors to find answers to the following key research questions: What is the extent of poverty and inequality in the world? Has globalization increased inequalities between countries and within them? What policies should be implemented for the purpose of achieving the goals of economic equality and poverty alleviation? The major finding of the study is that globalization has adversely influenced poverty and equality in most developing countries.

Today, the tourism industry is of a special significance; during the past 50 years, this industry has turned into one of the major actors in the field of international trade as well as providing significant resources for income in most of the developed and developing countries. Any country defines an appropriate policy in order to attract foreign tourists. Policy making in the field of tourism in our country should define a desirable model, taking into consideration cultural, social, economic and political observations and viewpoints, and on the basis of that definition necessary planning, investment and measures should be taken. Taking into consideration the fundamental role of culture in the formation, growth and development of tourism - it can be considered as a cornerstone for tourism - and also considering its positive and negative effects, in this article cultural tourism is studied as a desired model for tourism in Iran.Due to the multi-sectoral nature of the tourism industry, it is emphasized that the local, national, regional and international levels as well as the interactions between these levels should duly be taken into consideration.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are major actors in contemporary world. Their negative and positive impacts on human life make clear the need for expanding their responsibilities. The aim of this article is to show how responsibilities of MNCs evolve during recent 50-60 years. Through two sections, the article examines vertical and horizontal expansion of MNCs’ responsibilities and then recent developments in this regard. The article finally concludes that while MNCs are increasingly powerful in multiple ways, their responsibilities are expanding vertically and horizontally.

cConcerning the emer gence of substantial changes in major cities within the past two decades and its relationship to a set of ideas which envisage the emergence of a new urban era, this article will try to examine the different aspects of the new urban policies as a necessary response to a new national and international economy.

Jalal- Al- Ahmad is one of the most important and influential modern Iranian intellectuals. By suggesting the political thought "return to self", he made nativism into the inseparable part of political discourse in Iran.In this vein by using Spragens’s theoretical model, we will explain the formation of his political thought. Hermeneutics and especially Skinner's Hermeneutics, are among the most important approaches in understanding the political texts and political thought. According to this method, Considering the works " Gharbzadegi" and " Dar khedmat va khianate Roshanfekran" as a linguistic action in relation to the discourse context of his time, shows that "Return to Self" is a response to the problem of "identity crisis" of the 60s in Iran. According to the Spragens's model, the main problem which has been observed by Al-Ahmad and he has tried to solve it, is analyzed in this paper.

There is no consensus of opinion and ambiguity on the meaning of "The Right to Development". There are several different views and opinions on this right and this difference of opinion has prevented its implementation. Therefore it seems that "The Right to Development is more of a political claim than a legal one.

Europeans were the major actors of the world political scene in the 19th century. France sought to defeat its rivals in Napaleanic era but the unification of other European powers lead to the defeat of France and the establishment of Germany through the changes in the political map of Europe.The German strategists, through entering international interactions challenged the other political players. With their new outlook toward Eastern countries, to defeat France in the political equations, the other European powers temporarily put aside their controversies and unified against France Iranian rulers who were extremely exhausted the influence and interference of Russia and England believed that through offering trade and economic grants to Germany they would be able to maintain the integrity of Iran and its sovrenity. Taking advantage from this atmosphere could bring about better conditions for Iran.

There are some indicators for nationalism like: "language, religion, territory and common history", but this article has paid attention especially to the "relationship between language and nationalism". This matter can remember "Theory of lingual ethnicity" in the age of shaping European nation states, it played an important role in the shaping of nationalism and making some countries, and with wide-spreading nationalism in the world, some nationalities in the middle east after the collapse of Ottoman empire distinguished role of language in the shaping of self national identity in the base of this theory, so some Arabic countries and new Turkey were shaped in the Ottoman empire in the base of this type of nationalism. Principle goal of this article is study and analysis of influence of lingual identity and role of it in the intensifying and shaping of Arabic nationalistic movement.

The original article intends to examine Iran’s interrupted democratic transition after 1997.The main goal of the paper is to stay away from vulgar voluntarism and structural determinism, with the assumption that a dialectical and integrative theoretical approach can better explain the complexity of Iran’s socio-political realities.however, the original paper has suffered from several shortcomings which has been examined in this paper.