فصلنامه روان شناسی بالینی
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 7، پاییز 1389)

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship of attachment styles، marital satisfaction، and feeling of sex guilt with sexual desire in women. Subjects were 192 married female students with the age range of 18-40 from University of Welfare Sciences and Rehabilitation، Tarbiat Modarres University and Islamic Azad University who participated in the present study by filling out the Adult Attachment Styles Index، ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire، Mosher Revised Sex-Guilt Inventory and Hurlbert Index of Sexual Desire. Method of sampling was multistage clustering. Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis methods were used to analyze the data. Findings showed that there is significant relationship between sexual desire with secure attachment style (r=0. 283، p<0. 01)، insecure avoidant attachment style (r=-0. 321، p<0. 01)، insecure ambivalent attachment style (r=0. 144، p<0. 05)، marital satisfaction (r=0. 512، p<0. 01) and feeling of sex guilt (r=-0. 442، p<0. 01). There was also significant negative relationship between sexual desire with age (r=-0. 553، p<0. 01) and marital duration (r=-0. 349، p<0. 01). Of all research variables، marital satisfaction، insecure ambivalent attachment style and feeling of sex guilt were able to predict 48. 9 percent of the variance of sexual desire. Results of the present study show that those women with secure and ambivalent attachment styles and also higher levels of marital satisfaction، experience higher levels of sexual desire. On the other hand، women with avoidant attachment style، higher levels of feeling of sex guilt، older in age، and longer marital duration، experience lower levels of sexual desire.

Mother as the main attachment figure has an undeniable effect on affective development of the child. The aim of the current study was to investigate the relationship and predictability of girls` attachment problems through mothers` attachment style. Sample included 388 individuals of second and fourth grade of primary school that had been chosen through multistage cluster sampling method. In order to assess the girls` attachment problems، the RADQ was used. Besides، AAS questionnaire was administered as a criterion to assess mothers` attachment style. Data were analyzed using correlation and stepwise regression analysis method. The study showed a significant relationship between avoidant (r=0/32)، ambivalent (r=0/28) and secure (r= -0/16) attachment style of mothers with the girls` attachment problems. Final finding of this research show that avoidant attachment style of mothers had the greatest power to predict attachment problems of girls; and can predict %0/10 of child''s attachment problems variance. On the other hand، ambivalent and secure attachment styles of mothers could predict %3 of attachment problems of girls. In addition to supporting the attachment theory، results of this study signify the importance of mother-child interaction. Mothers` avoidant attachment style can be a strong predictor of their girls` attachment problems. Attachment based therapies can be useful methods in controlling attachment problems.

Marital satisfaction is a complex and important aspect of marital relationship that can be influenced by several factors; and different intervention styles can have an impact on in. The aim of this study was to identify dominant schemas in marital dissatisfaction and to investigate the effectiveness of schema-focused training intervention on enhancement of marital satisfaction. For this propose, forty persons (man and woman) with marital dissatisfaction interviewed and assessed by research instruments (ENRICH, SCL-90, GHQ, YSQ-SF) and then divided to experimental and control groups. Intervention was conducted on experimental group but control group received no intervention. Findings showed that primary non adaptive schemas are associated with marital dissatisfaction and also schema-focused intervention is effective in enhancement of marital satisfaction. Schema-focused training intervention can be used as an effective intervention in interpersonal problems of couples, especially marital dissatisfaction.

There are many unresolved traumatic experiences reported in the history of patients with Conduct Disorder. These experiences play a prominent role in the formation of anger-related problems in them. Hence، this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of combining two techniques of “autobiography review” and “hot seat” in the form of group therapy on anger reduction in male adolescents with conduct disorder in Juvenile’s Correction and Nurturance Center of Tehran. A sample of 19 adolescents with conduct disorder was selected based on the score of Conduct Problems Scale of Youth Self-Report (YSR). The subjects were then placed in three groups: Experimental group (6)، free discussion/placebo control group (7)، and another control group that received no intervention (6). The anger components were assessed at pretest and posttest in all three groups by using STAXI-2 Questionnaire. The experimental group participated in 11-sessions of group therapy، utilizing «autobiography review» and «hot seat» techniques. Data was analyzed via Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. At posttest، a significant difference was found between the three groups on measures of Anger-out control scale and Anger Expression index; whereas no significant difference was noted for State and Trait anger scales. Comparing groups two by two، using Mann-Whitney U test showed that in variables which there was significant difference between three groups، this difference was significant between the experimental and free discussion control groups، and also between the experimental and control groups with no intervention; but there was no significant difference between the free discussion groups and groups with no interventions. These findings provide support for the effectiveness of this type of group therapy as compared with placebo or no treatment on reduction of anger problems.

The present study aimed to investigate personality traits and Behavioral inhibition/activation systems in three groups of patients with schizophrenia، bipolar disorder، and normal people. This study is a descriptive-comparative study. 90 people including 30 patients with schizophrenia (14 females and 16 males)، 30 patients with bipolar disorder (14 females and 16 males) and 30 normal individuals (14 females، 16 males) who were selected through available sampling have participated in this research. Data gathering was done by using behavioral inhibition/activation systems scale (Carver and White) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised. The present study demonstrated a significant difference in neuroticism (N)، extraversion (E) and psychosis (P) between the considered samples (P=0/001). Also، there was a significant difference in behavioral inhibition system (BIS)، behavioral activation system (BAS) and subscales of behavioral activation system (BAS)، namely Drive (D)، Fun seeking (F) and Reward Responsiveness (R). Results suggest that the extreme levels، either high or low، of personality traits of neuroticism (N)، extraversion (E) and psychosis (P)، and sensitivity of BAS، BIS tend to relate with pathological symptoms. Particularly، BAS، BIS sensitivity combination relate with special kind of pathology.

According to literature regarding relationship between religious orientations with psychological well-being، it is supposed that the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic orientations toward religion may prove useful in understanding the relationship between religiosity and death obsession. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between religious orientations with death obsession according to sex role. The current study was conducted in correlative context. Subjects (n=468) were selected through random stratified sampling and the Death Obsession and Religious Orientation Scales were administered. Data was analyzed using synchronic multivariate regression method. Results showed that the relationship between death obsessions with extrinsic orientation toward religion is positive in both sexes; whereas death obsession has a negative relation with intrinsic orientation toward religion. Results of regression analysis also indicated that the extrinsic religious orientations in women predict death obsession with greater power. Because there is negative relationship between intrinsic religious orientations with death obsession، it can be concluded that religious immaturity causes pathological attitudes toward death. The role of gender differences is significant.

Cognitive emotion regulation plays an important role in understanding the behavioral and emotional correlates of stress and negative affective states. The aim of the present study was to develop a Persian version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P) and to examine its psychometric properties. The English version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) was translated and back-translated and then administered to 420 (200 females) students of Tehran universities، with age ranged from 18 to 32. The reliability of Persian version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P) was assessed via internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The validity of this questionnaire was assessed through the principal component analysis using Varimax-rotation، correlations between subscales، and criterion validity. Results showed that nine subscales of Persian version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P) possessed good internal consistency (Cronbach''s alphas ranged from 0/76 to 0/92). Item scores and total scores of the corresponding subscales correlated significantly (r=0/46 to r=0/75) and the test-retest correlation coefficient values (0/51 to 0/77) suggested that CERQ-P is stable. Results of principal component analysis supported the original CERQ nine factors model that explained 74% of the variance. The degree of interrelations among the subscales was partly high (0/32 to 0/67). Finally، according to criterion validity، CERQ-P subscales were specially associated with symptoms of depression. The results of the current study indicate that the Persian version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-P) is reliable and valid in the population of Tehran universities'' students. It is also a suitable instrument to use in research and clinical situations.

Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) focuses on reducing unhelpful cognitive processes and facilitating metacognitive styles of processing. MCT enables patients to interrupt rumination، reduce unhelpful self-monitoring tendencies، and establish more adaptive styles of responding to thought and feeling. In this research it has been tried to study the effectiveness of this kind of intervention on improving major depression patients. This research in the framework of single case experimental plan was conducted during 6-8 sessions on 3 patients with 1 and 3 months follow-up by using multiple-baselines plan. Instruments used in this research were included BDI II، BAI and RRS. Treatment created significant and considerable changes in depression، anxiety، and rumination symptoms of all three depressed patients. Results of this study show that meta-cognitive therapy which instead of cognition content، focuses on controlling processes prominent on it، can be effective in treatment of patient with major depression. In present study، this kind of treatment created significant changes in symptoms of all 3 patients and therapeutic achievements were maintained over follow-up.