فصلنامه تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 8 (زمستان 1380)

The present paper, which is an introduction on the formation of the Covenant of Brotherhood in Medina, examines and comments upon the fraternal viewpoint and the rite of brotherhood in early Islam. While dealing with the intellectual and philosophical principles of the concept of religious brotherhood, the paper tries to shed light on the role of this concept and phenomenon in creating unity in the early Muslim community. For this purpose, the Quran's call to religious brotherhood, the Prophet's Sirah and practice in elevating the racist Arab bias of blood brotherhood to the level of religious brotherhood, and this initiative of the establishment of the covenant of Brotherhood between Muslims are studied and reviewed.

In this brief study, we will try to examine the motto of "Ar-Ridha min Al-e Muhammad"; the motto by whose use the Abbasids managed to secure the support of many members of the Heshemite clan and their followers, especially among Iranians, and behind which they were able to disguise their real face and identity for a long time to come.The study will be presented in the following four categories: Ar-Ridha in the Arabic language, Ar-Ridha in the Muslim convention and commonality in the first two Centuries A.H, Ar-Ridha in the Abbasid invitation to rise, and Ar-Ridha in the eyes of those invited.

The rule of al-Murabitun (Almoravids) Berbers over Maghrib and Andalusia (1090 - in Andalusia) dealt a serious blow to the growth and expansion of thought in areas 1147 under their control. The Murabitun destroyed the possibility of change in the status quo in favor of Shiah Islam forever. They brought the simultaneous trend of growth in the fields of philosophy and theology to an end and limited all intellectual activities to the Maliki school of law, making it the absolute criterion in the spheres of religion and thought in the Muslim West. The present paper examines the evolution of philosophical theological thought during the Murabitun period.

The Renaissance which was the fruit of the European thinker's efforts, beginnig in the 14th and lasting into the 17th century, was to a great extent indebted to the Islamic culture and civilizaiton. Europe's turn to the translaiton of Muslim scientific texts for access to the latest human knowledge became the foundation of many scientific studies in many European countries. As a result, in the age of Renaissance and thereafter, during the industrial Revolution, works of Muslim scientists were used as textbooks by universities in Europe. The outset of the translation movement concided with the begining of the military compaign to take back Spain from the Muslims in Andalusia in the 11th century and reached its peak in the next century to come.

Rawdhah __ Kawani sessions (mourning congregations to commemorate the martyrs of the Karbala uprising led by Imam Husayn ibn-e Ali) have a particular significance among Shiah Iranians. During the Qajar rule, and especially in the reign of Naser ed-Din Shah, the holding of such sessions expanded and became more widespread. Early in the Constituional Movement; because of public awareness and familiarity with new ideas, and because of general preoccupation with social and political affairs; sprang out of these rawdhah __ khwani sessions religious __ political organizations which reached their peak of power and influence after Shah, 1320 events. Nevertheless, the role of rawdhah-khwans (mourners) and preachers, who have been the central performers of such sessions and who have always had close ties with the commons, has been largely neglected by historians.raj" written by…The present paper tries, by studying "Durrah-tut-Taj Wa Mirghat-Ul-M Taj Vaez, a prominent rawdhah-khan of the Qajar period, to outline a tangible picture of the rawdhah-khwani sessions for the reader while making him familiar with the author's ideas and opinions at the same time.

Among the Muslim historiographical schools, the school of Medina has a particular significance. The first historical studies of the Islamic era, with a strong emphasis on Maghazi" (the battles fought by Prophet Mohammad) or "the Prophethood Period"," have been conducted in this school.Here the author is trying to examine and evaluate the significance of this school, its rwah and Zuhri), the issues studied by them, and its impact on the major historians (course of Islamic historiography