مجله علوم انسانی
پیاپی 81 (اسفند 1389)

Sociopolitical experiments of man during his life have proved the necessity of leadership. Having considered the importance of leadership, the researchers intend to analyze the leadership of Imam Khomeini by reference to emotional and spiritual intelligence and relying on Weber's charisma theory. The research method is a survey and explanatory one. Written sources such as books and magazines have been reviewed for collectingdata. The review indicated that although the charisma of Imam Khomeini's leadership was regarded differently, it concluded in approving his leadership charisma. Emotion is regarded as part of leadership and a leader must be aware of his own emotions as well as those of his followers, in order to be able to manage them. The study indicated that different aspects of emotional intelligence were completely related to spiritual intelligence. In other words, one can reach a level of self-awareness which is necessary for internal motivation of oneself and others. Having a great heavenly emotional andspiritual intelligence, Imam Khomeini presented a leadership charisma and caused an ideal feeling in people. His charisma was because of his highly spiritual and pure political emotion which was free from power-loving.

The study is mainly intended to review the effective indicators of relationship between Islamic and Western management. First, the indicators of Western approach were acquired from the related sources. Then, having searched among religious texts, including verses of the holy Quran and Hadith (religious traditions), the researchers came to thirteen indicators for measuring communicational justice. After designing the questionnaires and conducting a pretest, the two groups of indicators were studied to develop a main hypothesis as well as four peripheral hypothesis. A field study,containing 210 subjects from managers and employees of an organization was conducted and the results were analyzed. The results indicated that there was a significant difference between the Islamic approach and that of the West with regard to the main hypothesis. Indicators of the Western approach were not predictive in measuring thevariables of communication justice. The results with regard to the peripheral hypotheses indicated that open communication and affirmative factors (good behavior) were effective in the realization of communication justice. On the other hand, elimination factors (misbehavior) negatively affected the variable. With regard to the second peripheral hypothesis, the Western indicators were found to have no effect on communication justice.

Identified as 'the law of survival' and as a vital variable in ideal relationship, the norm of counteraction seems to be playing a significant social role. It is the most important social element, which results in the stability of social structure by promoting participation. Psychologists have studied social counteraction in industrial and organizational psychology.They have classified it into two opposite groups of positive and negative counteractions. Researchers have presented the concept of generosity against the norm of counteraction. This concept, having various meaning, can cover both positive and negative aspects of counteraction. Ehsan can improve emotional belongings by promoting communicational links. Then, it may result in social acquaintance, coordination, and social agreement. Prophets, as well as all holy leaders and Godly scholars have resorted to thiseducational approach. Hence, it seems quite reasonable that all managers use this approach, which has taken root in our religious and cultural background, for better productivity, improving the culture of serving people in the best way.

The important role of management has been recognized by all modern organizations as the core of duties. This role seems to be more significant in military organizations because a manager in this kind of organizations is both responsible to play the role of manager and be a commander who feels responsibility about the lives of the employees. Therefore, employees must have a perfect trust in him to obey him and perform their duties. In suchorganizations, the endurance of the commanders can function as a symbol for the employees. Yet, endurance and obtaining effectiveness seems to be a challenge for military managers. In addition to studying specific sources regarding management, the researcher referred to the verses of the holy Quran and Hadith (religious traditions) to find out a relation between endurance and effectiveness. The explanatory and correlation research employed field study as well as library method and questionnaires forcollecting data related to effectiveness and resistance. T-test was applied for referential and descriptive statistical analysis. The correlation coefficient of the variables was computed by Pierson method. The results indicated that there were both endurance and resistance in the organization being studied.The correlation was significantly positive. There was also a positive relation among effectiveness meaning the achievement of goals, useful structures, supply of resources, and satisfaction of the stakeholders.

This research is intended to assess the effects of spiritual factors (religious knowledge, faith and insight) on the empowerment of managers. Research population included 1012 subjects containing high-ranking, middle, and executive managers from thirteen provinces. The researchers applied random cluster sampling for selecting the subjects. Researcher-made questionnaire was employed to collect data. Scholars and universityprofessors approved the validity of the measurement instruments. The reliability of the research was affirmed by conducting an experimental research and statistical analysis (0/892). The research results indicated that faith was the most effective of all factors. Spiritual factors ranked in the following order: faith, religious knowledge, and insight.

This is a research report of field study conducted after the presentation and testing a model relating to successful performance of CRM at the Quran and Etrat Institute of Sepah. In this piece of research, three groups of factors, including organizational factors containing 'organizational structure', 'management support', 'employee's participation', cultural factors containing 'customer-oriented culture', 'learning culture', as independent variables. 'Knowledge sharing culture', and technological factors containing 'IT infrastructure', 'software package', and 'knowledge management' were selected as dependent variables. 'Sales income', 'service cost', 'efficiency', and "user-friendly" services were considered as the main criteria for successful performance of CRM.The findings indicated that there were significant relationship between organizational, cultural, and technological factors and successful performance of CRM (main hypothesis). The results of multivariate regression analysis, using Enter and Stepwise, indicated that organizational, cultural, and technological factors interfered significantly with decisionmaking.

The year of 1388 (2009-2010) was named as the year of reforming thestandards of consumption of any kind by the Supreme Leader of the IslamicRevolution and the commander of the army forces. This caused more effortsto be done in this way. Reform of the standards of consumption requires abetter, more precise and appropriate consumption of the resources. Itrequires changes in the indicators and models of consumption, which leadsto avoidance from wastefulness and frugality. Since the review of this issuein the armed forces seemed quite fruitful both for the country as well as thearmed forces, this descriptive-analytic research was conducted by the use oflibrary method to review the theoretical aspect of the issue to find bettermechanism and solutions for logical consumption. In this way, the role ofevery single defense unit was evaluated based with regard to the bettermentof consumption. Various solutions were presented according to Islamicteachings for the betterment of consumption in the armed forces.