نشریه دانشور پزشکی
پیاپی 89 (آبان 1389)

Excitatory transmission through glutamate receptors is critical for cognition such as learning and anxiety. In the present study, the involvement of dorsal hippocampal muscarinic cholinergic receptor on anxiety-like behavior induced by inhibition of NMDA receptors was investigated. In this experimental study, 105 adult male rats weighing 200–250 g were used. The animals were anaesthetized and cannulae implanted bilaterally in the CA1 regions of the dorsal hippocampus using stereotaxic device. Seven days after recovery from surgery, the behavioral testing was started in elevated plus maze task. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test. Our finding indicated that intra-CA1 administration of MK801 (2 μg/rat) and scopolamine (4 μg/rat) by itself increased percentage of open arm time and open arm entries but did not alter locomotion. On the other hand, intra- CA1 co-administration of ineffective doses of scopolamine with ineffective dose of MK801 (1 μg/rat) did not alter locomotion activity but increased percentage of open arm time and open arm entries. These results show that both NMDA receptors and muscariniccholinergic receptors not only play a part in the modulation of anxiety in the dorsal hippocampus of rats but also demonstrate a complex interaction as well.

Anal fistula is the most common cause of severeanal pain during rectal surgery. Patients experience pain and discomfort duringthe immediate post-operative period and some specialties e.g., physiotherapycould be taken into account for mitigating pain and improving the scar healing.Although no researches have performed concerning the post rectal surgeryphysiotherapy, it leads to surgeons uncaring to this apparently important point.Therefore, the current study aimed to prepare a new physiotherapy protocol afterrectal surgery and to investigate its effectiveness in one patient. This study carried out on a 45 year-old male. He wassuffering from pain and bleeding in the rectal area and on medical examinationand colonoscopy, he was diagnosed with external hemorrhoid and anal fistula.After hemorroidectomy and fistulectomy, physiotherapy protocol was performedin five phases. The results showed that the pain medication needed just for 4 days and the patient returned to work within 3 days. In addition, the intensity of pain,difficulty in bowel movement, difficulty in mobility, and stress from bowel movement (measured by VAS) removed within 5th days. This result in comparison with previous studies showed the faster improvement of the pain and scar healing and complete recovery took about 4 weeks. The beneficial effects of physiotherapy protocol were demonstrated, especially in aged patients with background diseases.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder,characterized by reduction of bone mass, deterioration of bone structure,increasing bone fragility and fracture risk. Prevention of osteoporosis is one ofthe most important issues in World Health Organization programs. By now,there has not been no researshs on preventive strategies for osteoprosis inpregnant women,therefore, this study aimed to evaluate effectiveness of HBMmodel in osteoprosis prevention among pregnant mothers referred to Arak healthcenters. In this quasi-experimental study, one hundred andfifty pregnant women participated.The subjects divided into two groups, i.e.,experimental and control (each group contained 60 women). Data collected witha questionnaire based on HBM and checklist about pervention of osteoprosis inorder to evaluate the effectiveness of education program.Before intervention,questionnaires were completed. Then the educational intervention wasperformed. Educational intervention in the form of four training sessions usinglectures, group discussions, dialogue, and training packages (posters, pamphletsand pictures). After one month, data were gathered again and then analized. The mean age of case and control groups were 26.7 ± 4.7 and 23.4 ±4.4 years respectively and mean duration of gestation was 23.2 ± 11 and 23.4 ±10 weeks respectively and there was no significant difference between them(p>0.05). Research findings showed that knowledge and self-efficasy healthbehavior action for osteoprosis pervention were in low stage. After intervention,perceived barriers decreased in case group and pregnant mothers and healthbehavior action for osteoprosis pervention increased. With knowledge, perceived susceptibility, severity and benefits andself efficasy increased, perceived barriers decreased and health behavior actionfor osteoprosis pervention increased. So, this model is suggested for otherhealth centers.

Diabetes mellitus accompanies increasedmalondialdehyde as a marker of oxidative stress and increased serum level ofaspartate and alanine aminotranferase due to tissue damage. Due to antidiabeticeffect of hesperetin, this study was done to evaluate its effect on level of thesefactors in diabetes.

Male rats (n = 32) were divided into control, treatedcontrol, diabetic, and treated diabetic groups. For induction of diabetes,streptozotocin at a dose of 60 mg/kg (i.p) was injected. Hesperetin wasadministered at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks one week post-experiment.Serum levels of aspartate and alanine aminotranferase were measured before thestudy and at the end of the study. In addition, level of malondialdehyde (MDA)was measured in liver and heart tissues.

A significant increase in serum level of aspartate and alanine aminotranferase (p<0.05-0.01) was observed in diabetic rats and hesperetin treatment significantly reduced only serum level of alanine aminotranferase (p<0.05). In addition, diabetes was followed by increased level of MDA in liver and heart tissues (p<0.01) and hesperetin treatment significantly reduced MDA level in these tissues (p<0.05).

Treatment with hesperetin could attenuate serum level of alanineaminotranferase and oxidative stress in hepatic and cardiac tissues, as indicatedby a lower tissue level of MDA.

Menopause is one of the stages in women’s lifewith a lot of problems and osteoporosis as the most common of itscomplications. This study was designed to assess the comparative effects oftibolone and HRT on osteoporosis in postmenopausal healthy women. Tiboloneis a synthetic steroid with estrogenic, progestogenic and androgenic properties.

A total of 107 women aged 45-64 years wererandomly assigned to two groups: 52 women received 2.5 mg tibolone plus Ca-D daily; 55 received 0.625 mg of conjugated equine estrogen plus 2.5 mg ofmedroxy progesterone acetate (CEE/MPA) plus Ca-D. At baseline and after 6months of treatment, we measured bone turnover markers. Bone mineral densitywas measured in the spine and neck of femur by dual energy X- rayabsorptiometry (DEXA) at baseline and after 9 months of treatment.

ALP serum and Ca/Cr urinary decrease significantly in those takingtibolone and in those taking HRT. T score, Z score and BMD increasedsignificantly in the spine and femur in those taking tibolone. In those treatedwith conjugated equine estrogen and medroxy progesterone acetate T score, Zscore and BMD in the spine and femur also increased significantly. Nosignificant difference was observed between tibolone and CEE/MPA groups.

Tibolone had beneficial effects on bone mineral density and boneturnover markers. It may be a good alternative to HRT in postmenopausalwomen who would not accept a vaginal bleeding and breast tenderness.

Appetite control affects food intake and obesity.The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of moderate andheavy resistance exercise on appetite, food intake and energy expenditure inhealthy men. A cross-over research design was used and the studywas performed on a population of 13 male volunteers from employees ofSabzevar University in 3 group containing control, moderate resistance exercise(70-75% of one repetition maximum) and heavy resistance exercise (80-85% ofone repetition maximum) groups within 90 minutes and including 8 types ofmovement with 3 sets and 10 repetition. The food given to men before and onthe day of the exercises was similar. The appetite was recorded by appetitequestionnaire and norm (VAS) before, immediately after exercise, and 3 and 9hours after the exercise protocol. Food intake and energy expenditure wasrecorded by food intake and energy expenditure questionnaire before and on theday of the exercises. Data was analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA with asignificant level of p<0.05. Having the results collected, there were no significant changes inappetite and in the effects of moderate and heavy resistance exercise. Calorieintake showed an increase on protocol day rather than the previous day ofprotocol and immediately after protocol day returned to level of previous day ofprotocol. Energy expenditure showed an increase on protocol day rather than theprevious day of protocol and immediately after protocol day in resistanceexercise groups. The results of the study indicate that one session moderate andheavy resistance exercise had no significant effects on appetite due to imbalancein significant negative energy and due increase energy expenditure on protocolday rather than the previous day of protocol.

Developmental anomalies of the oral mucosa are agroup of lesions that are normal condition rather than having virtual diseasecharacteristic. The prevalence of oral mucosal abnormalities differs betweenindividuals that could be associated to genetic and/or environmental factors. Theaim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of these lesions as well as todetermine their relation to gender in a population of students of HamadanUniversity of Medical Sciences. A total of 162 students from the Hamadan Universityof Medical Sciences in 2009 were examined to determine the prevalence ofmucosal anomalies. All students were examined using dental unit light anddental mirrors. A questionnaire was completed for each subject. In thisquestionnaire, it was asked about demographic data and about their generalhealth and diseases. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses wereperformed using SPSS software. To compare the differences between male andfemale subjects, Fisher exact test was performed. A p value less than 0.05considered significant. Out of 162 cases examined, 63.6% demonstrated at least a mucosalanomaly. The most common developmental mucosal anomaly was commissurallip pit (22.8%), fissured tongue (21.6%), and palatal torus (10.5%). Theprevalence of other mucosal anomalies was only less than 10%. The findings of this study showed that the prevalence of dental andmucosal abnormalites was high in this population, requiring its teaching tomedical and dental students.

Agouti-related protein (AGRP) is an orexigenicpeptide and found to be secreted from hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) andhas important role in appetite and food intake. It has been shown that AGRP hasan important role in weight control and plasma levels of this peptide increases infatness and starvation. The aim of this study was to study the effect of 8-weekscircuit training on lymphocyte AGRP gene expression in well-trained wrestlers. Ten well-trained wrestlers volunteered to this researchand conducted 8-weeks wrestling-based circuit training according to researchersrecommended protocol. Blood samples were taken 48 hours before the first andafter the last sessions of training. After lymphocyte separation, lymphocyteAGRP gene expression was evaluated with semi quantitative RT-PCR method. Circuit training significantly increased AGRP mRNA lymphocyte expression (P, 0.001). It seems that increase in lymphocyte AGRP expression is accordantwith increase in its expression in hypothalamus in response to negative energy balance induced by training to increase appetite and compensation of body energy sources.