نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال سیزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 48، بهار 1390)

In this study we applied artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the concentration of air pollutant in Tehran urban air. Because of dangers of air pollution in Tehran city witch causes environmental problems and various respiratory and dermatological diseases and troubles especially in children and aged people. This research was set in order to schedule and control this problem in Tehran and other great cities. Statistical data for this purpose were picked up from the concentration of pollutant gases recorded by fixed sensors in Bazar station from 2002 till 2007 (NOX gas). Auto regressive model and time series were used to determine neural network inputs. Current time gas concentration in this model depends on gas concentration of all 7 past days. Therefore, neural network input wasconcentration of the gas in all 7 past days and neural network output which was the prediction of neural network and the concentration of the gas in current time. Then the model of ANN is deigned by using of MATLAB 7 software and data simulating. Eventually, simulated data has plotted versus real data and it depicted that there is a good result compared with simulated data from ANN. The latter shows less error compare with regression model.

Heavy metals are considered as dangerous environmental pollutants that by entering the food chain causes serious health threats for humankind, plants, as well as other animals. In heavy metals contaminated soils, some plants species can grow and uptake a large amount of metals. These plants are used for decontamination of polluted soils by phyto remediation. In this research concentration of nickel in the soil samples, as well as in six plant species, namely Centaurea virgata lam., Euphorbia cheiradenia, Scariorbia orientalis, Cardaria droba, Gundelia tourmefotii and Euphorbia macrochada, around Ahangaran Lead mine in southeast of Malayer, was analyzed. The statistical analysis of data was done in a randomized incomplete block design. The maximum and minimum concentration ofnickel in the shoots was observed in Euphorbia macroclada with a mean of 23mg/kg and Centaurea virgata lam. 6.7 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The concentration of nickel in the shoots of plants was shown to negatively correlated with soil pH(r=-0.33), cat ion exchange capacity(r= -0.83), organic material (r= -0.46) while being in positive correlation with salinity (r= 0.37), total (r= 0.203) and available nickel concentrations (r=0.7) in soil.

Recognition and evaluation of main factors of Aluminum toxicity in different regions (especially industrial zones) is important. In recent research, in order to evaluate the effects of industrial zones on environmental Al3+ content, we carried out sampling from soil, plant and industrial wastewater in six industrial zones of Kerman province (including Kerman Cement factory and Barez Tire factory, Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex, CSP, Industrial Zone No.1 and Khazra industrial zone) and a non industrial zone (control). Soil samples were taken from 30cm depth, plant samples were sampled in these zones for 10 replicates. After sampling and sample preparation, the parameters such as soil pH, soil exchangeable Aluminum, total Aluminum of soil, plant Aluminum content, industrial wastewater pH and industrial wastewater Aluminum were determined in lab. The soil exchangeable Aluminum content was determined by extracting with 1N KCl and total Aluminum was measured with acid digestion and atomic absorption method. Soil and industrial wastewater pH was measured with pH meter. The data was analyses by one-way ANOVA method (SPSS 10.0 software) statistically. The results showed that the amount of soil, industrial wastewater and plant Aluminum content increased significantly in two industrial zones including Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex and CSP when compared with environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards and other zones. Soil and industrialwastewater pH also significantly decreased in these two zones decrease compared with other zones and control (pH of soil samples equaled with critical range of pH=5 approximately). We didnt observe increase in total Aluminum amount of soil in these zones when compared with other zones. Therefore increasing of the soil exchangeable Aluminum content in these two zones indicated that the required conditions for Aluminum realizing from soil particles is available. Accordingly, releasing industrial wastewater and pollutant gases (sulphoure components) from industrial zones (Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex and CSO) causes increasing exchangeable Aluminum soil slowly and accumulates within plants. So, the possibility of Aluminum toxicity increases in agricultural and residential regions. Therefore, we should concern controlling, evaluation and management of this important environmental problem.

One of the most popular types of bioreactor landfills is the landfill with leachate recirculation.In this way, an anaerobic was operated by leachate recirculation to remove organic matters. In this study two different systems were applied for leachate treatment. In system (1), the leachate generated from a fresh-waste reactor was drained to recirculation tank, and recycled every two days. In System (2), the leachate generated from a fresh waste landfill reactor was fed through a well-decomposed refuse landfill reactor, and at the same time, the leachate generated from a well-decomposed refuse landfill reactor recycled to a fresh waste landfill reactor.

In this study amount of natural radioactivity in soil and stone of songon's copper mine of different areas has been measured. Special activity of 238U, 232Th and 40K radio nuclides by the use of Gamma-ray spectroscopy system and High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector has obtained and the analysis of obtained gamma's spectrum by Mastro software and with consideration of sample's selfcoefficient absorption has been calculated. Thanks to the importance of recognizing the environmental contaminator's factors and its protective responsibility against them, the purpose of this study, isdetermining the range of natural radioactivity on mentioned area and is comparing those factors with universal standard level. Calculations indicate that the range of foresaid elements specially 40Kon the most regions are higher than the presented universal average range by (UNSCEAR, 2000). Attention to the effects of biological radiation in human was acquired against rays (security of safety) for those people who are working in mines which is a very important factor.

Iranian citie's developments show the fact that however their quantitative development was parallel with city superficial development and increasing of construction with urban output, this development in qualitative point of view was accompanied with many challenges. Semnan is one example of these kinds of cities which contains considerable natural and under structures green environment that has considerable qualitative improvement effect on the city. According to urban green spaces importance, this research considers landscape and environment beautification plans of Park 8 Shahrivar of Semnan measuring 5 hectares. The questionnaire is designed according Likert scale with 5 scores. The aims of this research were based on studying landscape and environment beautification plans in urban parks for citizens, existing abnormalities and irregularities in parks, resulted from non appropriate design of park spaces alongside providing appropriate conditions in Park 8 Shahrivar for users and suitable criteria in order to qualitative improvement of Semnan parks. Statistic society of this research, based on census of 2006, is included all citizens of Semnan amounted to 126780 persons and the studied sample is 170 persons of this society. This research has 2 hypotheses in mind: the hypothesis 1” landscape and environment beautification plans in urban parks can attract and increaseusers’ numbers” confirmed by calculating percentage abundance and Pierson test calculation and considerable different between questions. Hypothesis 2 “access to beautiful and green environment can increase citizens’ life quality and the society output” confirmed by calculating percentage abundance and Pierson test calculation and considerable different between questions.

Protecting the Environment is becoming one of the most important concerns of the developed and developing countries. Reclamation of MSW landfills, which are sources of many pollutants including leachate and greenhouse gases, would be very valuable in saving the resources and reducing the pollution scale. In the current article the potential for use of reclaimed waste in RDF production has been investigated. At the end of the article the optimized RDF production cycle for Iran has been suggested and compared with data from other countries.

Wind towers are historical Iranian vernacular architectural innovation and traditional wind towers are structured as static cooling ventilation system. The process is performed by using of renewable energy of wind.In this research, wind towers are studied in the context of vernacular architecture of hot dry climates of Iran and the city of Yazd in arid is selected. The different architectural forms of wind-towers have been seen in Yazd. This article indicates the fact that formal characteristics have played a major role in their functions.From the architecture point of view, learning about wind catchers of Yazd city in this study is done by the means of the field surveys. Research method for selection of the case is randomly chosen and based on explanation and analytical method. Wind catcher typology and knowledge of the relationship governing the wind catcher's architecture were those measures that are taken for the first time. The typology of the wind-catchers is done by the physical analyzing, patterns and common concepts as incorporated in the wind catchers. How the architecture of wind catcher can influence their operations or performances by analyzing thermal behavior are the archetypes of selected wind catchers. This study has used calculating fluids dynamics science, fluent software and numerical analysis as the most accurate analytical approach. 3 types were stimulated in soft ware and results show that they are different to each other and one of them has more improved operation.