مجله پژوهش پرستاری ایران
پیاپی 19 (زمستان 1389)

Various definitions of teaching indicate the effort of training and education scientists for knowing teaching. Achieving to ideal and effective teaching involves connection between goals, teaching methods and student's learning. Effective teaching is critical for medical sciences student learning, especially in nursing students. The aim of this study was identifying perception of nursing students from effective teaching in nursing education. This study done with qualitative approach and using thematic analysis method. Eleven nursing students from the Fasa University of Medical Sciences were selected through purposive sampling and interviewed with focus group interview. After data collection, all interviews were transcribed and reviewed and themes extracted. Then a list of themes prepared and similarity in meaning and concept were reviewed and based on centralization arranged in a sub-category. Then with reviewing again relevant sub-categories arranged in a category. Using analysis of transcribes a significant number of preliminary themes and 8 main themes that each having few other sub-themes were extracted. The main themes included readiness, dynamically, valuing, individual characteristics of teacher, organization, evaluation, applicable and resources. The results of this study revealed that individual characteristics of teacher and communication with students are more significant factors in motivation and interest to learning and effective teaching. It is recommended that nursing instructors considered above items for curriculum planning in order to effectiveness of teaching and better learning.

One of the important aspects of education is evaluation, which is influenced by various factor. Evaluating of academic members on students assessment is a kind of educational evaluation, which includes determining their rate of success in their own educational goals. Using students’ views for teacher assessment is a common method. However, research results indicate that students’ ideas about their teachers is influenced by some factors which have no close relationship to the evaluation subject and is merely related to the instructors specification. To determine the attitude of students different fields in medical sciences university toward priorities in teachers assessment Lorestan. This study was descriptive-analytical performed on all vary courses’ students in university of medical sciences Lorestan during 2007-08. data were colleted using the questionnaire consisting of 7 parts and 43 questions was used to gather data. That was completed by students Then. Data were analyzed with Softwear SPSS v.11.5 Results indicated that the majority of students (80.4%) selected “mastery of contents” as the most important priority in teachers assessment. Most of them (81.2%) selected “self-confidence” for personal characteristics, 70.8% selected “establishing an intimate relationship with student's for communication skills, 47.6% selected”on time starting and finishing the class” in respect to educational principles and 49.9% selected “performing an exact and comprehensive exam at the end of the term” for evaluation skills. Also 27.7% of the samples believed that there is a high conformity between the present evaluations and reality and 18.5% believed there is no conformity between them. Although students distinguish some very important factors for teachers assessment, the necessary factors for a good teacher based on the scientific criteria arent selected as the most important by the students and this may decrease the validity and reliability of students ratings.

Due to the necessity of using the Internet as a source of important information by scientific community is increasing, thus determining the factors affecting faculty member's intention to use the Internet according to their position must be knowledge and important sources of information are familiar, has been considered. Therefore this study to determine the rate and factors relation to use the Internet to use intention by faculty members based on the theory of reasoned action was done. This descriptive correlation study that was conducted in 1388, the theory of rationed action was selected as the theoretical foundation and relation of the three factors: attitude to internet use, subjective norms to internet use and external variables (demographic characteristics) with intention to use the internet was measured. Sampling method was sensuous and samples included all faculty members of the one of school of Nursing consisting of 29 persons. For attitude measurement to use the internet was used validated and reliable questionnaire 40 items and measurement of subjective norms to use the internet (8 items) and intention to use the internet (6 items) was done by making researcher questionnaire after acquisition of validity and reliability. Statistics tests were performed as Spearman, Pearson, Linear Regression Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis and Multicollinearity analysis. In most samples, attitude was average and subjective norms were high and in half the samples, intention to the internet was average. According to the theory of reasoned action, between attitude and subjective norms to use of internet was existed direct correlation and was predictable (P<0.01). Significant correlation between gender and attitude to use of internet (P=0.012) and also level of education had significant correlation with intention (P=0.014). Also between clinical experience and attitude to use of internet was seen correlation (r=0.56, P=0.003). Increasing of positive attitude and subjective norms to internet use will culminate intention to internet use (factors of the Theory of reasoned action).

Nowadays in many parts of the world, obesity and overweight problems in children is considered essential. Overweight in childhood has been known as a factor affecting on the overweight in adult ages and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma and diabetes. Considering of the risky role of increasing of weight for children’s health, researchers aimed to determine the relationship between breastfeeding and Body Mass Index in primary school children of Rasht/Iran. This was a case-control study which after obtaining the necessary licenses was performed in 8 primary schools of Rasht. 320 samples including 80 in case group (BMI≥85th percentile for age and sex) and 240 in control group (BMI=5th to 85th percentile for age and sex) were selected. Data gathering tool were questionnaire, scales and tape meter. Finally, data were analyzed statistically by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. The findings showed that the mean and standard deviation of total duration of breastfeeding in case group were 19.02±9.14 and in control group were 19.36±8.66, and there was no significant difference between these means. On the other hand, 82.5 percent of the samples in case group and 92.9 percent in control group had exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months and it showed significant difference (P=0.024). The mean and standard deviation of meals frequency, duration of television watching, sleep duration of day and night and start time for complementary feeding in case and control group showed no significant statistical difference. In this study, the average of duration of breastfeeding (up to 2 years and more) in overweight and obese group was lower than the average in group with normal weight, but this difference was not statistically significant. On the other hand, the percent of children that had exclusive breastfeeding for 4-6 months in normal weight group was significantly more than overweight and obese children. In other words, this study showed that exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months after birth can be associated with reducing overweight and obesity in primary school children. On this basis, we can probably help to prevent overweight and obesity in children in the future by teaching more and more accurate about exclusive breastfeeding for parents, especially mothers and health care providers.

Pain is perceived from 28th week of gestation and has adverse effects on newborn development. Therefore, using palliative methods during noxious procedures in newborn units are necessary. The goal of this study was determine effectiveness of oral sucrose on pain severity in term newborns undergoing heel prick.

In this randomized controlled trial, 120 term newborns undergoing heel prick that was admitted in pediatric medical educational center of Gorgan were selected and randomly assigned into three groups: intervention, control and placebo. Then 2 minutes before heel prick either 2ML 25% sucrose or sterile water was instilled into mouth of infants in intervention or placebo groups by syringe, respectively. The newborns of control group didnt take anything. Heart rate and O2 saturation of all newborns from two minutes before to three minutes after heel prick were measured and recorded. In all cases, heel prick was done by an expert nurse that was blind to assignment methods. The pain related to heel prick was measured using the CRIES (Crying; Requires increased oxygen administration; Increased vital signs; Expression; Sleeplessness) scale. During process, status of newborn's faces was recorded. The films were observed by two independent assessors that were blind to goal of the study and scored base on CRIES scale. Gathered data was analyzed by ANOVA, Bonferroni and Krusskal-wallis statistic tests.

According to the results, there wasnt any significant difference in sex, age, weight, admission duration, heart rate and O2 saturation among newborns before heel prick. Whereas, after intervention, except cry duration, there was significant difference in all pain parameters such as pain severity score, heart rate and O2 saturation between intervention and control groups (P<0.05).

Based on results, we can offer oral sucrose (25%) as an analgesic agent before heel prick in term newborns

Although directly observed treatment (DOT) strategy had decreased TB mortality, but, in developing countries, TB is yet the leading cause of preventable deaths. The most important reason for inefficiency of treatment is noncompliance on the part of the patient, That it caused not only increasing of probability of recurrence and multi drug resistance, but also formation of prejudicial personal, social, psychological and economical effects. This was a descriptive– analytical study that carried out to assess quality of adherence to tuberculosis drug regimen and its relation to knowledge and attitude factors in patient's reffered to health centers of Ahwaz. The sample size included 167 patients in course of TB treatment that selected randomly and based on aim. A questionnaire, observation, sputum smear, potts - cozart test (for detect of isoniazide metabolites in urine) was used to data collection. Reability of questionnaire was determined by alpha-cronbach correlation method (α=0.81). Showed that 52.7 percent of patient had good adherence to drug regimen, 35.3% had midscore adherence and 12% had poor. In the case of relation between adherence and knowledge and attitude factors showed that statistical meaningful relation found between adherence and knowledge (P=0.017), attitude (P=0.0001). Results showed that some factors such as cognition, attitude were effective on quality of adherence. It seems that it is required to containing a compiled and continious education for patients in treatment protocols. This is resulted in increasing of knowledge of patients and their family and promote of their attitude about disease and treatment.

Patients with burns, experience high levels of anticipatory anxiety during dressing changes. Anxiety tends to increase after each dressing and during time; on the other hand this anxiety cannot be completely managed by anxiolytic drugs. Nurses contribute to pain management by using pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Relaxation techniques are one of the most used approaches in pain anxiety management. However there is not enough information about the effects of these techniques on pain anxiety of these patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of jaw relaxation on pain anxiety of burn dressing. This study was a randomized clinical trial with control group. One hundred patients hospitalized in Shahid Motahari Burn Center in Tehran within July to December, 2009 were recruited by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to either experimental or control groups using minimization. Experimental group practiced jaw relaxation for 20 minutes before entering dressing room. Data were assessed with Burn Specific Pain Anxiety Scale (BSPAS) and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi-Square test, dependent and independent t-test and Fisher’s exact test by SPSS-PC (17). Significant statistical difference was seen between the level of pain anxiety before & after intervention in experimental group. Moreover, after intervention there were a significant difference between the level of pain anxiety after dressing in experimental and control groups. There weren’t significant difference between pain anxiety after intervention, before and after dressing in experimental group. Nurses can independently decrease the pain anxiety of burned patients and its subsequent physical and psychological burden by teaching the simple and inexpensive technique of jaw relaxation. Further studies are suggested to assess the effect of this technique on pain anxiety of patients with other disease except burns who suffer from painful procedures.

Diabetes is a kind of chronic conditions which needs a kind of adaptation during all time, thus some behavioral and psychosocial adoptive mechanism should be considered by the patient. Lack of self-control skills and information will lead to poor glysemic control among diabetics. Educational in this context has an important role in patient's well-being. the study aims to describe the concept of self-control as an important educational need in the diabetic patient's mental health. The qualitative content analysis method was employed in the study. Study population including health professionals (3 nurses and 4 physicians) and diabetic patients (n=12) were selected purposefully and were interviewed in-depth. Three main categories including three concepts were identified namely fight with self, internal versus external control, and dominance over self. The findings showed that such patients faced with various and often conflicting alternatives that resulted in experiencing internal breaking and conflict. It was founded that the patient's perception of their power span and whether they have control over disease was an underlying factor to deciding about the health related behavior's alternatives. Such findings emphasized on importance of supporting the diabetic patients in the rout of being responsible about their physical and mental status. Preparing the patients to maintain and expand their control over self is important specifically through developing communication, decision making and self supervising skills.