فصلنامه تحقیقات جغرافیایی
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 95، زمستان 1388)

This paper aims at determining the degree of development and analyzing the trend of inequality in urban places of Ostans of Iran in 1365-1385. Data collected in the three last censuses for all the urban places of the Ostans have been used in this study. The method of the study is descriptive-analytical. The study consist of fifty four indices including health, cultural, economical, infrastructural-housing, sporty, and finaly combination of these indices which by using factor analysis method examined the degree of development as well as ranking of the regions. Furthermore, by using cluster analysis method the urban places of Ostans of Iran have been grouped in three levels as developd, developing and deprived in the last three censuses. The findings of the present study show that there have been, in the most cases, significant regional inequalities, however, compared to the 1365 indices there has been a relative decline in inequalities according to the indices under study in 1385.

Each of planning must be accomplish according to the principles of sustainable development to success urban planning. This article evaluates sustainable index in social, physical, economical and environmental biological dimensions of Mashhad metropolis which is the second biggest city in Iran using descriptive –analysis method and quantitative models and statistical software. In the first step, sustainable dimensions have been compared whit urban systems of Iran. These results show that there is no equality in sustainable index between this city and other urban regions in the country. In this comparison the best and the worst index sustainable are the physical and economical dimensions respectively. The next stage in urban dimensions sustainable levels which were investigated using 57 indices in 12 urban regions of the mashhad. This result shows that first region of the city is the most sustainable and the 5’th region is the least in sustainable region of the city. According to spatial distribution of sustainable levels, Mashhad dividable to 2 major parts if the holy shrine is considered as the center of the city, the first part is acceptable region whit sustainable levels which mainly is located in the western part of the holy shrine and is a rich region. The second part is unsustainable region which is located in eastern and north eastern part of the city which accommodates the poor. Also by using of the coefficient of variation it is shown that there is a large difference between sustainable indices in different region of the city.

The new models of development are on the base of local development and attention to the spatial diversification. So recognition of different potentials in local levels in geographical spaces is in the core of attention. But the planning for all the local levels containing potentials is impossible, because of the financial, technical and other limitations. So using of suitable methods for site-selection via several criteria is necessary. In this research, by means of AHP (Analytic Hierarchical Process) method -after definition of several basic criteria – have been determined three tourism sample sites among the eight sites in kohgilooye va boierahmad. so the AHP method is the best way that considered importance each one of the criteria compared with the other, Because the selected criteria for site-selection have different value. The result of this research shows that cheshme-belgheis, koohgol and kosar dam are the best sites for development and provide the comprehensive study of tourism sample region because most of the mentioned criteria have been existed there.

The study area is located in the wes of Iran, the southwest part of “Bisetoon” Mountain, and Kermanshah City. It covers an area of ~1489 km2. Landslide have been the most common natural phenomenon in the area, which usually is triggered by heavy rainfall and seismic activities. Although there are few active landslides in the area, but they are serious threats for population and infrastructures. The aim of this study is indicate the main factors influencing the slope instabilities. Binary weights-of-evidence (WofE) offers a rigorous and objective statistical approach with many applications in modeling the real world conditions. A major advantage of WofE is the unbiased, statistically derived weight, which it provides for individual layers of data. However, WofE is perceived by many users as both an oversimplification because of its typically binary input, and yet overly complex in mathematics. Multi-class WofE offers better representation of data distributions, but statistical noise can sometimes limit the effective use of multi-class weights. The weights -of- evidence are applied to evaluate the landslide susceptibility using GIS. The relations between landslide distributions with the physical parameters such as lithology, elevation, slope gradient, lineaments and distance from streams, vegetation, and land use were analyzed by Bayesian statistical model. The weights of evidence are applied to calculate each factor’s weight for the” MEREK” region in west Iran, with numerous landslides. Some factors (data layers) used for the preparation of the landslide susceptibility map are obtained from different sources, such as topographic maps, geological maps and satellite images. All the above data layers were converted to raster format in GIS, each representing an independent variable of a constructed spatial database. The results of the analysis of mapping were validated using previous and recent landslide location. We found that six parameters namely, distance from stream and faults, slope, land use, profile curvature, plan curvature and lithology show better correlation with landslide susceptibility. In the study area of the present work, the methodology was tested by the means of consistent landslides found in hillslopes of Nesar Kooh valley. Based on this study, six appropriate factors were selected for landslides potential hazard mapping in the Merek area. Results of six selected factors are in a good accordance with recently occurred landslides.. Since most of the information related to landslides susceptibility map is geo-spatial, GIS is capable to store, update, display, process, analyze and integrate the different geo-spatial data

A great portion of precipitation in the South Western Iran falls in the snow formation. Surface runoff produced from melting snow has an important role in the recharging ground water, surface and subsurface flows. Rapid snowmelt can even cause flooding. Since the snowmelt cannot be easily detected from optical satellite images, Snow Cover Area (SCA) is derived as an important hydrological parameter. SCA has a good correlation with amount of snowmelt, and its spatial and temporal variations can be converted to the volume of water stored in the topographic basins. In addition, changes in SCA have a correlation with variations of large scale climatic signals such as Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and ELÑino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In this research, the correlation of large scale climatic signals and SCA variations was investigated. Monthly data of SOI, NAO, and ENSO in the regions of Nino3, Nino3.4, Nino4, and Nino1+2 for the period 1968 to 2007 over the South Western basins were collected from the National Center Environmental Prediction (NCEP). In order to estimate the SCA variations, satellite data of NOAA- AVHRR were used for the selected days in the cold period of 1986 to 2007. The areas covered by snow were detected by applying a threshold based method and using radiances in band 1 and 3, and land surface temperature derived from brightness temperature. In the end, the SCA was predicted three to six months in advance by applying an artificial neural network approach. The results showed that NAO, SOI,, Nino4, and Nino1+2 signals are the most effective signals on variations of SCA. These signals can be applied for prediction of SCA over region.

Aside from its annual and seasonal fluctuation, Caspian Sea level has sudden change with hourly and daily continuity caused by atmosphere circulation patterns. Sometimes these fluctuations are so intense that they make irreparable damage to the economical and social activities in the coastal sea areas. The aim of this study is synoptic recognition of factors causing storm levels in the south coastal Caspian Sea. The results will help up in environmental planning in order to lessen damages. This study has been carried out in 2007 in the south coastal Caspian Sea, in the region 20W to 80E and 20N to 70N.The data used in the study is synoptic data with the hourly statistics taken from CDC and the tide gauge station in the area. The description synoptic method is used in the study.The result of this study showed that in south coastal Caspian sea storm levels above 50 centimeters made up by entrance of systems from 10 regions as fallows Red Sea, Western Mediterranean, Eastern Mediterranean, Siberian, North Africa, North of Northern Atlantic, Median of Northern Atlantic, South of Northern Atlantic, Black Sea and Arctic. There systems appeared on the synoptic map forms of saddle, cyclone, anticyclone and vector of cyclone, anticyclone. The investigation of time, frequency of occurrence, source and the route of different systems causing storm levels or the reinforcer of systems energy. Also it is probable that the length of the route of these systems over the sea is related to the height of storm levels.

Parsian alluvial fan system is a part of Asyab-Kharabeh fluvial system that Response it to Quaternary climate changes is the main goal of this study. For this aim, climatic proxies and traces in alluvial fan structure were investigated based on four categories: aggradation and degradation phases, debris flows, size changes in deposited materials and formation of alluvial fan tufas. Primary information of these investigations were obtained via field studies and reconstruction of palaeo environments based on relative chronology. On the basis of this study, Parsian alluvial fan system in addition to enjoyment of special properties such as having a catchment by the same lithology, excess of alluvial fan area relative to catchment area, establishment of carbon cycle and tectonic tranquility in Quaternary is influenced on it’s evolution in Quternary from climatic changes and their proxies in various forms are seen on the different parts of the alluvial fan. Formation of alluvial fan tufas, intensify of debris flows and sediment variations in alluvial fan structure are the most important effects of climatic changes at Quaternary in study area. In this paper, climatic change proxies such as tufa formation phases and their alternation by conglomerate deposits relatively compared to calendar of these changes in Quqternary. Consequently, life of the Parsian alluvial fan system is guaranteed by existing closely interaction between climate, alluvial fan and tufa deposits in study area. Therefore, every development planning must consider the dimentions of this interaction and otherwise, may result ecosystem destruction.