نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خراسان شمالی
سال دوم شماره 2 (تابستان و پاییز 1389)

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is endemic in some parts of the world, in which one of them is in Khorasan, Iran. One of the HTLV-1 involvements is ocular. Known ophthalmic manifestations of HTLV-1 include HTLV-1-associated uveitis, corneal involvement, malignant infiltrates in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, retinal degeneration, neuro-ophthalmic disorders, vasculitis and exudation in – peripheral retina, keratoconjunctivitis sicca mostly in patients with HTLV-1associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. The spectrum of ocular disease related to HTLV-1 continues to expand. Routine evaluation of HTLV-1-infected patients is important because immune-mediated or neoplastic ocular involvement may occur during the disease course. In this article the ocular manifestations of the HTLV-1 is reviewed.

Aspirin is widely used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug. The aim of this study was to investigate the side effects of aspirin on placenta. Forty balb/c female mice were randomly divided into experimental and placebo groups; further each placebo and experimental groups were divided into groups 1 & 2. All animals were mated with male mice. Pregnant experimental mice were treated daily by 200 mg/ kg aspirin dissolved in 1 ml saline (through gavage) during pregnancy while, the animals of placebo groups received saline (1 ml /kg/day). Mice in groups 1(both placebo and experimental) were anesthetized and killed at day 10 and mice in groups 2 (both placebo and experimental) were killed at day 20 of gestation. Placentas were removed and processed for histological evaluation using routine histological procedures. Abortion occurred in two pregnant mice in experimental group 1 and in seven in experimental group 2. There was no abortion in placebo groups. Pathologic changes i.e. syncicial degeneration and fibrotic tissue formation were present in placental tissues of both experimental groups but no histological changes were observed in placebo groups. Side effects of aspirin such as gastrointestinal bleeding has been reported in several studies. Placental bleeding and subsequently abortion was observed in this study. Therefore, it can be proposed that consumption of aspirin may cause bleeding and disconnectivity in placenta and may cause abortion. It may be suggested that aspirin should be used in pregnant women with caution.

Keratin amateur fungi which are a subgroup of Keratinophilic fungi, due to secretion of keratinase are keratinolytic and causes diseases in human and animals. They are also important in different industries. The high keratin in agriculture soil and forest soil can provide the optimum condition to grow keratinophilic fungi. This encouraged us to determine the prevalence and identification of keratinophilic fungi in multiple samples of the soil of farm yards and forest localities at Northern Khorasan and Razavi Khorasan Provinces, Iran This is a descriptive comparative study using classified samples. The samples included 140 soil samples from farm yards and forest localities in Northern Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi Provinces, Iran. They were cultured using Vanbreuseghemii. Then, various fungi grown within the cultures were identified and counted. Collected data were analyzed using two-scale and multi-scale tables as well as relevant statistical tests. Of 784 colonies, %71.43 of colonies had been collected from Khorasan Razavi Province and %28.5 colonies from Northern Khorasan Province. Annxiopsis stercoraria with 240 colonies (%30.6) and different species of Chrysosporium with 133 colonies (%17) were found to be the most common species. This investigation revealed that the keratinase in keratinolytic isolates could degrade the keratinous stuff of the environment and could be useful in managing heavily polluted habitats. Finally to the best of our knowledge this is the first report concerning isolation of Myriodontium keratinophilum as keratinolytic fungi from soil samples in studied areas in Iran.

National program of family physician (FP) and rural assurance was started in rural and urban area with populations less than 20,000 people in 2005 according to 91st act of 4th development program. This survey was performed to evaluate knowledge of people having rural assurance about facilities they can take benefit, principles, and conditions of this assurance in FP program in northern provinces of Iran. This cross-sectional (descriptive - analytic) study was performed in autumn 2008 in rural and urban areas with populations less than 20,000 people at the universities of Golestan, Mazandaran, Babol and Guilan (43 districts). Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by Chi-square and Kendall's Test using SPSS. In this study, among 1081 person involved in rural assurance, the level of knowledge for 33 person (3%) with rural assurance was high, for 416 person (38.5%) was medium and for 632 (58.5%) was low. There was a significant relationship between sex, age and education level and level of knowledge. There was no significant relationship between marital status, inhabitancy, job and the provinces (universities in this study) and level of knowledge. In general, the knowledge of people engaged in rural assurance about principles, facilities, and conditions was low. Therefore it is necessary to perform educational programs.

Intramuscular injection is an invasive and painful method for medication. Previous studies have indicated that lidocain 2% gel has capability to decrease pain via decreasing transmission. The effect of lidocain 2% gel on severity of pain during penicillin benzathin testing and IM injection is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of lidocaine 2% gel on intensity of pain during penicillin benzathin (1/200/000 u) testing and intramuscular injection. In this clinical study, 60 patients were chosen and divided in to case and control groups using a randomized allocation sampling. Participants in case group used lidocain 2% gel 10 minute before testing and IM injection. Participants in control group received routine testing and IM injection. Data was collected using questioner and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Data was analyzed using statistical technique of t- test. Results showed that local lidocain 2% gel significantly decreased the severity of pain during penicillin benzathin testing in case group as compared with control group (P

Ice- crams are among food stuffs which are made and distributed during warm seasons of the year. The aims of this study was to detect samples from traditionally ice –creams and hand- made fruit juices shops in Bojnurd and also to determine the relationship between level of contamination and personal and structural health. The research is descriptive – analytic and was conducted cross – sectionally. The research domain were 20 centers of the production and distribution of ice creams and 8 hand made fruit juice centers throughout Bojnurd during summer 2007 and summer 2008. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney tests. The level of microbial contamination in ice-cream production and distribution centers for E.coli, coli form and S.aurous were 58%, 95% and 80%, respectively. Significant relationship with personal and structural health was found (p= 0.28). Investigations over fruit juices indicated that 70%, 94% and 90% of samples were infected by E.coli, coli form and S.aurous respectively. It is necessary to reduce contamination by emphasizing health criteria and transformation of traditional production to industrial form.

Poor environmental health management in hospitals is one of the most important causative factors for developing of infectious diseases in hospitals. Emission of air borne biological agents is one of the effective ways of infection transmission. This study was carried out to survey of biological air borne concentrations in the air of two hospitals in Sari city. This cross sectional study was carried out during 6 month (from July to December 2007) in Emam Khomayni and Zare hospital wards once a week in the morning and in the afternoon using air sampling pump and filter. In total 98 samples were collected from the air and samples were cultured based on the standard methods. Then type of germs and the number of colonies and morphology of microorganisms were evaluated. This survey showed that all studied wards in both hospitals were polluted to different type of microorganism's air borne. Biological agent concentrations indoor all wards of Emam Khomayni hospital were higher than those measured in wards of Zare hospital. Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and gram positive bacteria were among the most prevalent microorganisms in the air of both hospitals respectively. Maximum biological agent pollution was observed at general surgery ward in Emam Khomayni hospital. This study showed that the number and type of microorganisms in the air of Emam Khomayni hospital wards were higher than those measured in Zare hospital wards. The high number of the persons in the ward was the key factor influencing the level of biological air borne in the air of Emam Khomayni hospital. Other related factors such as high numbers of visitors, lowefficiency and old ventilation system and also low maintenance of air conditioning system may influence the biological air borne concentrations in studied hospitals.

Bread is a common and considerable nutritional substance for man. In many countries such as Iran, it is the most common food. Therefore, it is of great importance to health as well as national economy. Baking soda is used as a leavening agent but it may lead to some adverse effects such as neutralizing the gastric acid, disturbance in digestion of minerals and various gastroenteritis for consumers. The goal of this study was to assess the use of baking soda for bread preparation in city of Zahedan. The present study was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was accomplished on 220 bakers in city of Zahedan in 2008. Samples were analyzed according to methods used in Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran, According to this method the present of baking soda in bread was determined by pH measurement. This study showed that mean pH for the total of bread was 5.93±0.34. The most consumption of Baking soda was in Lavash bread and the least consumption of Baking soda was in Sangak bread. There wasn’t a significant relationship between the kind of baking bread and use of baking soda (P=0.1). Results of this study and other studies showed that Baking Soda Consumption in lavash bread is more present than other bread including Barbari Taftoon and Sangak. Nevertheless, using baking soda for bread preparation has been banned by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education but some of bakers use baking soda in processing of bread.

Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by one of the Zoonosis and may appear in clinical, sub clinical or chronic forms. Brucellosis is prevalent in northern Khorasan province,thus this study was designed to investigate epidemiological characteristics of infected subjects in Mane &Samalghan town of northern Khorasan province in 2008-2009. In this cross-sectional study, all confirmed and suspected cases were collected from clinics, laboratories and health centers. After collecting and extracting data from their records, data were analyzed using SPSS 16 by employing statistical technique of Chi Square. A p-value less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. All confirmed and suspected cases in 2008-2009 were 64. Incidence rate of brucellosis in these years (2008-2009) was 25/2 and 38/6 and average incidence rate in these years was 39/1 per 100000 people. 44 (68/8%) subjects were male, 14(21/9%) subjects were 11-20 years old and 53 subjects were reported having past history of animal contact. The relation of age, sex and animal contact with subject’s job was statistically significant. It was found out that incidence rate trend of brucellosis increased significantly and this occupational disease has relationship with age, sex and animal contact.

Knowledge of appropriate nutrition during growth period could prevent from many Diseases in middle-age. Considering the importance of health education to students; the purpose of this study was to determine the education on nutritional behaviors of girl students in Bojnord secondary schools, which was performed in 2009-2010. This research was a quasi-experimental study in which the female student's knowledge, attitude and practice about nutrition were analyzed through four-part questionnaire. In order to accomplish this, two secondary schools in Bojnurd were selected and students were randomly divided into control and intervention groups. After the implementation of health education program in the intervention group, the effect of the education program on student's knowledge about nutrition, attitude and practice was assessed independent and paired T-test. Findings showed that after the education, the average score of knowledge in students of intervention group reached to 8.9±1.1 which was 6.2±1.1 before education, the attitude reached to 8.3±1.3 which was 5.6±1.3 before education and their practice reached to 6.8±1.3 which was 5.0±1.3 before education. The results indicated the positive role of Health Education programs on promotion of student's knowledge about nutritional, attitude and practice. Thus, for promotion of nutritional behaviors, it is necessary to take account of these programs.