نشریه دانشگاه علوم پزشکی خراسان شمالی
سال یکم شماره 2 (زمستان 1387و بهار 1388)

Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke and renal failure. Guar gum as a soluble dietary fiber can impair glucose uptake. Therefore, we investigated the effect of guar gum powder on glucose level and lipids of plasma in diabetic rats.
Material and Male Wistar rats with weighting range of 245±35 gr were made diabetic with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(85mg/kg). The animals were divided into four groups including diabetic group who received %5 of guar gum in their diet, diabetic group who received 2mg/kg glibenclamide, diabetic control group and normal control group. Experiment period continued 28 days. Blood sampling from rats was performed at 0th, 7th, 14th, and 28th days after inducing diabetes. And glucose, triglyceride, LDL-C and HDL-C of serum were evaluated at the aforementioned time intervals. Our data showed that glucose and HDL-C level of serum of rats that received a diet including 5% guar gum did not change significantly in comparison with diabetic control group during 28 days (p>0.05).But cholesterol, LDL-C (p

prenatal stress have different effects on biological processes and different sections of emberyonic structures and make disorders in hypothalamo-pitutary-adrenal (HPA). In this research the effects of prenatal stress on morphological properties of hippocampus in newborn and adult rats and their behavior in Open Field (OF) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) in maturity period was studied.
Material and Female pregnant Wistar rat were devided into control and experimental groups.Control pregnant females were left undisturbed in their home cages without any stressfull conditions. In the Experimental groups, pregnant females restrained for 3 hours per day (from the 2nd weak of pregnancy until delivery). Behavioral studies were performed using Open Field (OF) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). Histological studies of hippocampus of new born and 2.5 month old litters were performed using Golgi and toluidin blue staining methods. Behavioral stusdies of 2.5 month aged offsprings showed that there is significant differences in some parameters of emotional reactivities and exploratory functions. So that, in the experimental groups exploratory activity was diminished but emotional reactivity and anxiety were increased. Histologic studies of newborns hippocampus of adult offsprings showed significant decrease in the intensity of pyramidal and dentate gyrus fibers in experimental groups than control groups. Also the thickness of hippocampal layers were less in stress experienced newborns and adult. Considering of these results and compaire with the developmental periods and structural changes during embryonic period in rats we can have a hypothesis that following prenatal stress the normal development of hippocampal cells will be delayed. These abnormalities maybe due to changes in hormonal and neurotransmitters and growth factors involving in neural cells differentiation and less myelination and changes in glucocorticoides amounts that is effected in regulation of cell proliferation and emotional and exploratory behavioral.

Although antifertility and different aspects of Abrus precatorius seed have been studied but duration of antifertility effect and its relevance with "day of administration" after matting is not clear. To clarify this, 10 mg/mice etheric extract of A. precatorius seed was injected I.P. 1st-5th day after matting. In mice, the injection of extract at 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th day of matting showed antifertility effect in the first reproductive cycle. The secondary day administration of the seed extract was effective for two reproductive cycles. The antifertility mechanism of seed extract on different days is not the same and may be included anti-implantation (4th and 5th day of matting), oxytocic (4th and 5th day of matting) and rapid passage of ovule from oviduct (1st and 2nd day of matting).

Night shift work might be a risk factor for metabolic disorders due to interference with diet, circadian rhythms and lifstyle. One way in which metabolic risk could be increased is through inappropariate hormonal and some metabolic responses to night shift. We conducted this study to examin plasma glucose concentration and the related factors in night shift nurses. Participants were 60 nurses working in different section of Damghan Hospital who were randomly selected. Their level of glucose concentration was measured by glucose oxidas method while they were working around 4-5 pm. The test was repeated for three times at one-month intervals. Statistical methods of T-test, Repeated Measurment and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were employed to investigate the relationship between glucose concentration and age, gender, weight, length of service and number of night shifts per month. The results showed that the mean blood glucose concentration of nurses at the first time was 82.68 mg/dl, at the second time 82.12 mg/dl and at the thired time 83.75 mg/dl. there were no significant relationship between the blood glucose concentration range and age, gender, weight, years of service and number of night shifts per month. mean of blood glucose concetration in night shifts nurses was low and lack of its significan relationship with other factors shows that all nurses regardless of their conditions suffere from low glucose concentration. Therefore it is concluded that there is a need for more attention to nurse's nutrition to increase blood glucose concetration in night shift nurses.

Heartburn, which occure in 30-80 percents of pregnancies, have a vast injurious of social, emotional and environmental effects on the life of the pregnant woman as well as their society and occupation. Stressors such as tension of the job effect in contrast with housewives .This research has been accomplished in order to compare the occurrence and intensity of heartburn in employed and housewives pregnant woman
Material and This observational-analytical research was accomplished by applying cross-sectional and multi-stages sampling method on 310 pregnant housewives and 150 employed pregnant women who has necessary qualification and were referred to prenatal care centers in Bojnord. In three sections of three month of pregnancy ,used from interview form for determining the prevalence of heartburn in the last two months and used from interview form and visual index of Oklahoma for determining the intensity of heartburn. Our analysis of data were done with X2, T- student, Man-Withney, one way ANOVA, Log liner, Co-variance and by utilizing the SPSS software with 95% coefficient . Mean heartburn intensity were significantly different between two groups (P=0/0001 )and being more in employed women (Total of pregnancy, 5/23 ± 1/84 vs 4/2 ±1/66) (T1, 4/73±1/841/86 vs 3/88 ±1/21) (T2, 5/05± 1/97 vs 4/12 ±1/63) (T3, 5/75± 1/69 vs 4/13 ±1/64). The prevalence of heartburn in employed pregnant woman was more than that of housewives (T1: 21/8% vs 18/1% T2: 55/1% vs 44/3%, T3: 73/9% vs 61/8%, Total of pregnancy: 48/6% vs 42/6%). There was not significant relationship between the prevalence of heartburn and patient's occupation (T1, P=0/73) (T2, P=0/28) (T3, P=0/20) (Total of pregnancy, P=0/25). Employed pregnant women are at risk of heartburn in comparison with unemployed ones. It necessary to force and enhance suitable laws, specific education for better life method and better job qualification of employed women and more facilities to decrease their heartburn and unsuitable effect's one.

The high concentration of nitrate in water is one of the pollutants in ground waters. In recent years due to the increase of wastewater and agriculture and urban development, its amount in water source has been increased. High nitrate concentration in drinking water is dangerous for children's health and causes Methemoglobinomia. The aim of this research was measure the nitrate concentration in water wells which supply the drinking water in Bojnord and compare it with ommon standards. Marerials and This was a descriptive research to investigate nitrate concentration in vater sources in Bojnord in 2007. Thus the result of nitrate tests was considered in 82 samples from water supplying source and drinking water reservoirs in Bojnord. All the samples were tested by using spectrophotometric methods in the chemistry lab of Northern Khorasan's Water and wastewater Company. The final results were studied and analyzed by statistical methods. The results showed that there was a significant difference between concentration of nitrate ions in inner wells and concentration of nitrate ions in outer wells (P=0.003). The average oncentration of nitrate ions in inner wells was higher than those of the outer wells. The average itrate concentration indicated that 2 from 8 (25 %) outer water wells and 8 from 9 (88.8 %) inner vater wells had an average higher than the standard specified by Iranian Standard Industry esearch Institute. It was shown that there was a significant negative relationship between the depth of well and nitrate concentration (P<O.OOl). The average of nitrate concentration in the outlet of eservoir was 34.4 mg/I. Disscussion: According to the results, the average of nitrate concentration in many drinking water vells of Bojnord was more (50 mg/I) than the standard approved by Institute of Standards & dustrial Research of Iran. Because of health threats of high nitrate in drinking water wells, some asic measures should be taken such as refining water of polluted wells or taking out polluted wells om consumption cycles and using better quality sources. Regular examination and control of itrate in supplying sources and water distribution nets is also necessary.

Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency throughout the world. Iron deficiency affects the attention performance in two ways; the direct impact of Iron on the production of neurotransmitters, and the impact ofIron on the production of hemoglobin and anemia. The aim of this study was to identify the Impact of iron replacement on the attention capacity in high school female student in orth Khorasan. Two hundred female students from the North Khorasan high schools were randomly chosen and laboratory studies were done on them aiming to detect iron consumption limitations. Then they were divided to case and control groups. The two groups were matched and the case group was treated with an iron supplement program for 16 week and the results were compared between two groups. For attention score measurement, we used Tholuse- Pieron tool. The data were analyzed with the SPSS version 13. The attention mean score in the case group was 113.6, and in the control group was 46.7 (p:S0.001). The total selection mean score in the first halftime to the second halftime in the case group was 0.75, and in the control group was 1.9 (p:S0.001).Theperformance through the time in the control group was diminished when compared to case group. In this study the effects of iron replacement on the attention capacity was supported.

Clinical practice is an indispensible component of nursing students' education. Recognition of their real experiences and understanding of their clinical training difficulties in this area may help to develop a better clinical instruction strategies and improvement of education. This study was aimed to get a betterperception regarding nursing students' clinical experiences assuming qualitative method. To gain access to nursing students' views about their clinical experiences, focus group approach was employed. 30 of the whole 120 nursing students of Bojnord Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery were [purposefully selected and according to their entry year divided into three groups each of which including 10 students. Each group was interviewed separately by focus group method. Using content analysis to extract concepts and themes, data were coded in three levels. At the first step, the meaning units were recognized and coded. Then the meaning units were categorized in second level of data; and finally the themes as the third level of data were derived. Three main themes were evolved from qualitative data analysis: "anxiety", "motivation", and"theory practice gap". Study revealed the feeling of discouragement and reluctance among students. Also fear and anxiety as consequences of knowledge insufficiency, improper reactions of instructors in case of students' errors, and unfair evaluation were among experiences verbalized by nursing students. With regard to undeniable role of psychological factors, internal and external motivations of nursing students in acquiring I clinical skills, findings of this study may help educational managers and clinical instructors in planning nursing clinical courses and improvement of teaching-learning processes.

Clinical teaching is a seminal and important part of nursing education. Clinical instructors play an important basic role in programming and also attaining the clinical experiments. Characteristics of effective instructors has been evaluated in a variety of research. These characteristics are under question and there is no clear picture of effective clinical instructor characteristics. The goal of this study was to determine the characteristics of an effective clinical instructor in the view of the student of nursing and midwifery students of North Khorasan Medical University in 1387. It was a descriptive study on a group of 96 students. The instrument was a questionnaire designed in two parts including demographic data and characteristics of an effectiveness which was omposed of 4 axes including: education, personal characteristics, interpersonal communication and evaluation of students. The method of sampling was census and the study population was the undergraduate students of nursing and midwifery were studying in 3rd or higher semester. The findings show that the mean age of students was 20.84 years. 73.95% of populations were nursing and 26.04% midwifery student's .The students scored the individual (personal) harters as the highest and the teaching skills, interpersonal communication, and the evaluation were scored in a decreasing order of frequency. This study showed that there is no difference etween the view of two disciplines (nursing & midwifery) of an effective clinical instructor. There was no correlation among the variables like age, education level and satisfaction with the discipline of education. This study showed that among the 4 axes of characteristics of effective instructor the highest degree was devoted to the individual parameters. The second position was devoted to teaching and third one to interpersonal communication and the last one to the evaluation of students.

Menopause is not avoidable and will occur in every woman's life. Understanding risk factors and their prevention is necessary for every women. This important will be possible ough health care education. The purpose of this research was to find out the effect of education on middle-aged women's practice towards menopause. Material & In this quasi-experimental study, 90 women aged 40 and 60 years were randomly selected sampling. Then, the effect of education on their practice was evaluated. Before the implementation of education program, primary information about woman's practice was collected through questionnaire. After study the obtained data and need assessment of the subjects, appropriate education program was planned. Then, in two, one hour session, , Individual face to ace education program was offered to all SUbjects. Three months later, information was collected through original questionnaire again. Mc-Nemar, t-student, one-way ANOYA and paired t-test were ed for data analysis. The results of this research showed that post- education mean practice was significantly ifferent from that of pre-education (P=O.OOOB).efore education, 77.8% of research units had poor ractice, 21.1% had a moderate and only 1.1% had good practice, after education 5.6% the woman ad poor practice 72.2% had moderate and 22.2% had good practice. The study showed that the reasonable way to increase people's health behaviors is based on health education. Through such education, it is possible to equip individuals with enough knowledge to take care of their health. Statistical findings of this study emphasize on education and roviding health care centers for this group.