فصلنامه روان شناسی و دین
سال سوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 12، زمستان 1389)

The present paper aims at defining Victor Frankel's viewpoint on the answers to the following questions in terms of his basic principles of existential philosophy and (existential) psychology: what is man's essence? What are his genuine spiritual needs? According to Frankel, man's essence consists of body, mind, and spirit, the core of which is spirit, and utter patina being body and mind. The essential elements of man's spiritual realm are composed of spirituality, freedom, and responsibility; and talking about man's essence will be meaningless, deficient, and incomplete, if these elements are not considered. He explains man's most important spiritual needs in order to answer the second question, and categorizes them into six different needs: needs to the dynamism of thought, meaning, selftranscendence, eternity and immortality, religion, and gregariousness of emotion.

In spite of the similarities between Islamic counseling and moral charter of American Counseling Association (ACA) on the three important issues of "confidentiality", piety", and "avoiding sensuality", there are considerable differences between them on these issues. The present paper aims at explaining these differences by comparing between these two systems. Both systems stress the importance of "confidentiality". However, "the cases of breaching confidentiality" in American Counseling Association (ACA) are more distinct than in Islamic counseling, and the American system under more conditions permits breaching of confidentiality. This paper mentions the cases of breaching confidentiality. The most important principle in Islamic counseling is "piety" and theism, while American Counseling Association gives great importance to legality. Also there are considerable differences between these two systems on the kind of sexual relation with client, observing chastity, and avoiding sensuality. Furthermore, regarding three aforementioned domains in American Counseling Association, Islam prohibits the sexual abuse of the client much more forcefully, and considers the sexual relation as illegal in case of hurting the client or counseling therapy process.Generally speaking, Islam and American Counseling Association consider "confidentiality" as one of the important components of counseling, and consider "sexual abuse" of client as illegal. Islam believes that the most important quality of a counselor is observing "piety", to which American Counseling Association pays no attention.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between religions attitude and happiness among 7389 students in Tarbiat Modarres University. To conduct the research, 418 students were selected through random stratified sampling as study samples. In this study the religions attitude scale was also used Data from surveys were analyzed by using Spearman correlation and the U Mann-Whitney. The results indicate that they are positive and there is a significant relation between religious attitude and student happiness.However, there was not a significant difference between male and female students in religious attitudes and happiness. In addition, there was not a significant difference between single and married students in religious attitude and happiness, but most of that married students were more happy and of more religious attitude Similarly, there was a significant difference between MA Students and Ph.D students in religious attitudes and happiness, and Ph.D students had a stronger religious attitude than MA students.

This study aims to investigate the role of gratitude in sleep quality indexes. 170 students filled out the Gratitude Questionnaire, Gratitude toward God Questionnaire, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Self-statement test of pre-sleep cognitions. Data were analyzed using statistics indexes like correlation, regression, analysis of variance, t test, and Sobel test. Results showed that participants’ score in gratitude toward God questionnaire was higher than their score in gratitude questionnaire. Gratitude positively correlated with greater subjective sleep quality, less sleep latency, less sleep disturbances, less use of sleep medicine, Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, and positive pre-sleep thoughts. In addition to aforementioned variables, gratitude toward God positively correlated with sleep efficiency. Gratitude and gratitude toward God predicted subsequent amount of sleep quality indexes and this relationship was mediated by pre-sleep cognitions. These findings proved the positive role of gratitude as an example of positive moral trait, and gratitude toward God as an example of positive feeling toward God, and confirmed the mediator and influential role of positive and negative pre-sleep thoughts in sleep quality.

The present research aims at investigating the rate of happiness among the students of Tehran University, Qom Campus, and identifying and ranking the factors affecting it. The research method is survey- descriptive and statistical population which includes 1464 students who study in different faculties during the first semester in the academic year of 89-90. The statistical sample includes 218 students who have been selected through a simple and classified random method. Oxford 29-statement happiness questionnaire with the reliability of 0.89 based on Cronbach's Alpha has been used to collect data. In addition to descriptive methods, inferential statistics at the level of Friedman's test of analysis of variance (ANAVA) and t-test have been used to compare the means, by using SPSS. The analysis of data shows that the rate of happiness among the students of Tehran University, Qom Campus is satisfactory. There is a significant difference between the rate of happiness among the students of management faculty and the students of law, jurisprudence, and philosophy faculties. There is no significant difference the rate of happiness between male or female students or between students in MA level and those in BA level. Furthermore, six factors affecting the happiness of students have been identified. Ranked according to their priority they are as follow: 1. Interaction between students and professors; 2. Welfare facilities of the University; 3. Organizational atmosphere dominating the university; 4. Student's participation in class activities; 5. Professor's teaching and evaluation methods; 6. Membership in certain groups(sport, cultural, religious, …).

The present research is intended to investigate the relationship between religiosity and demographical factors with drug abuse in university student. The statistical community of this study included all male and female students in Tehran University, who were enrolled in the 1388-89 academic year. The sample group included 182 college students that have been chosen via multistage random sampling method. Assessment instruments were the «Religiosity Scale, Bastami and Bahrami Ehsan, 1387 and «Risk Behaviors Questionnaire» (2007)». Data were analyzed by using independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise multiple regression. Findings demonstrated that there is significant difference between religiosity and drug abuse in females and males. Religiosity had a negative correlation with drug abuse. Stepwise regression analysis showed that gender, religiosity and marriage could explain 0/144 of variance to smoke. In addition, Stepwise regression analysis demonstrated that gender and religiosity in two steps could explain 0/146 and 0/088 of variance in alcohol and narcotic substances.

The present research aims at inquiry into the relationship between marriage satisfaction and duration of married life. 260 male students (scholars), in the age of 20 - 40, have been randomly selected, who answered Hudson's index questionnaire of marriage satisfaction. Pearson's correlation coefficient has been used to test the hypothesis, because it is a descriptive research. Furthermore, regression coefficient, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and ttest have been used to determine and compare the predictor variables among age groups, academic groups, duration of married life, and marriage age.Some of the results of this research showed that when the marriage satisfaction increases, accordingly, the duration of married life increases, and that there is a difference between the means of the duration of married life among the age groups and the score of marriage satisfaction during the married life of 6.2 years and vice versa, and the married life of 6.3 years and vice versa.