فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، زمستان 1388)

Introduction and utilization intensive planning with solution of urban problem and difficult, and creation of evolutions in development and civil of cities, and in total of economy in a region accomplish in new system of soviet, which was stable on based ingredient of production and overall intervention by government. this munitions accomplished in frame of development schedules which experiments of socialisties intensive planning expired with slake of soviet. in this paper try which to studies various dimensions of urban evolutions in soviet such as process of creation and development new towns, evolutions of housing and physical, social-economical development, regional problems, urban microraun and in total urban policy in framework intensive planning and experiments of socialisties intensive planning recognize in urban planning evolutions and considers their positive aspects by planners. Aim of this paper study process of urbanism and urban planning evolutions, and growth in social-economical fields and urban development in frame of socialisties plans in soviet before their slake, and achieve to scientific recognition in context planning in a spacious region and knowledge of their experiments

Obviously one of the main concerns of the developed and developing countries is to be able to conserve existing energies such as oil, gas and coal and to produce capital from alternative ways particulary complete utilization of the man –made and environmental capabilities which result in occupational opportunities an income sources to promote the level of living in the society. The main focus is turism industry in this regard and attemps are made to utilize the development and flourish of tourism as mush as possible, Having in mind the above prospect, the study of Golstan province has been done. Golstan province with an area of20437km2 is bounded on north by Turkmenistan,on south by Semnan province, on east by khorasan province and on west by Caspian sea and Mazadaran province. It is situated in an excellent position to allowe an easy access. One of the its topographical features is Alborz mountains on the southe of this province which spread from east to west and is at a considerable distance from the sea, thus a broad plain is appeared, Also the seaside about 80km long has produced avery beautiful and varied prospect for tourism and recreation with other natural phenomena. such as some variety of plants, birds, fish as well as historical buildings and monuments which contyibute to the popularity of this provine

In international system, predicament can make resources and costs for actors, of course the biggest power play their role or get resources, so they settle in conflicting conditions. They get very resources and costs in comparison with other actors in every fight. In fixed system, for example two polar structure one of the two world powers can persist his resources in teamwork way or contradict with localized actors. Of course game role receive acceptance by basic actors. So it is natural when limited costs of predicament expansion in comparison with international structure. In Iran and USA politics relations, investigator theory predicament show that predicament get in third stage now, that stages are Emergence, Expansion, Decrease and Signs. One of the both intend reach a maximum his resources with use all of the disposal capacity. Review the analytic levels of atomic problem of Iran, hypothesis of decrease the international predicament, so civil tension in one of the both, in all show to be many chances for ideal direction of predicament and protect aim and national resources for Iran, theoretical study aim at foot step grab for become transparent to decrease.

Tehran as a capital city is always encountered with the increase of the population density and is crowded, because of this matter it has some problems in offering services according to the lacks and in some cases because of the wrong geographical distribution has some disablities. The fuel stations network is one part of the civil services that works as a supplier of the fuel in the transportation system, and is important in the matter of traffic, security, and environment. The end of this research is observing the CNG pump stations as a civil operation, in the fourth gas region of the tehran (regions 2,5,22, of the tehran municipality). To reach this end and to observe this pplying, the capacity and quantity matrises are used, and the GPS measures of the CNG pumps are introduced, to weight the measures, two ways are used that are the knowledge of experts and mathematical models and softwares like Expert Choices and at last we get the total weight of the measures.In the final part we prepare some offers dealing with the operations and wighting the measuers.

The war in Afghanistan represented an eastward shift in the United States, international focus.Previously concentrated on the Middle East, the United States has reconfigured its foreign policy directives to include interests east of the Middle East. The shift was long overdue.Central Asia is a rising regional security concern,and Chinese and Russian actions therein have cultivated robust political ties.Resulting cooperatives and agreements promote Chinese and Russian regional objectives. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)originally consisted of five Central Asian and Asian countries(the Shanghai Five),ostensibly to unify signatories on economics, social and political Platforms.However,the SCO is often a proxy to advance Chinese and Russian interests

Caspian sea is one of lake that is walled is walled among Iran and Russia. During several historical course Russia forced separated important parts of Iran shores in Caspian from this country and made new countries. Ignoble Tourkamanchay and GoLestan contracts are parts of contracts that according to them some parts of Iran east and west shores in Caspian sea separated from that. However, after making Soviet Union, government of that country in order to amends from Iran concluded contracts 1921 and 1940 with Iran. But after 1991 and following collapse Union, changed law situation of this sea and appeared 3 new countries at the shore of this sea. Up to now did multiple discussion for determining new law regime of Caspian, that is introduction for next meetings of general managers foreign affairs ministries that hold from 1995 in several different courses in countries capitals.

The present study has been undertaken to show the relation between the geographical tourism features of Tehran and formation of urbanization and architecture of the city and the relevant effect on tourism and is further aimed to identifying the shortcomings and impediments on the development of tourism industry in this city. Nowadays in large cities, efforts have been done in order to show beautification of city. These efforts, in the first stage, is in order to draw the attention the security necessities of residents in the cities and the second stage is to help tourism of cities, ever-increasing interests of people to cultural and national heritage as well as monuments of architecture methods in chronological periods. The importance that this study bears is to draw the attention to connection between human-built environment and naturally-formed one and seeks to provide new approach to protect three dimensional elements of geography, urbanization-architecture and tourism. As far as the methodology is concerned, this study is a descriptive analysis of Tehran’s geographical features, study of urbanization and architectural peculiarities during different chronological periods, role of geography in shaping the architecture and formation of the city as well as study of developing/ impeding elements efforts of urbanization and architecture on the way of tourism. The present study has offered proposals in order to develop tourism of Tehran, role of urbanization and architecture.

Familiar phenomenon of urbanism development in terms of rapid population growth and uncontrollable cities development emerged almost at many other countries in different historical sectors, has made a more clear impression in two decade after revolution. The population of central contexts of some cities has been removed, the erosion trend of exhausted contexts has been intensified and these contexts have been converted into social abnormalities. Since complete and constant planning and policy making to rebuild and renovate the old urban contexts result in urban sustainable growth while preserving historical-cultural heritage and focusing on their adaptation to environment and cultural constructions, this research try to study and evaluate the reform and rebuild policies of Yazd eroded contexts. Old Yazd neighborhoods such as other ancient contexts require a controlled movement to make sustainable. This movement in form of renovation and rebuilding pattern is discussed with considering the problems like negative growth of population in these localities, lacking necessary inter-locality accesses, ever-increasing development of abandoned and ruined spaces, lacking necessary facilities for green spaces and sport and treatment facilities. These instances are as a cause for other problems as well as an effect for them and have changed context appearance into an abnormal pattern and finally produce this assumption that we must wait for an unpleasant fate about its all values, a fate that will be tied with people’s culture and traditions of this city. The study is in descriptive-analytic, historical method. The results show that new urban construction in Yazd is the consequence of establishing new streets system built without regard to old city construction and its interactive organization with its neighborhood context and with having a wall-like body, have cut the residential contexts into pieces. These streets implement other urban system with different construction, different life and economy, context and life, and possess these features at present too, which could n’t relate to old urban system and cann’t.

Urban law and regulations could be one of the main connections between urban management and citizens. In a better interpretation, the main player of urban management under the protection of urban law and regulations following definition of rule for themselves and other members can joint citizens in affair managing and accomplish citizenship concept. Generally, discussion about citizenship right is one independent and comprehensive discussion. The city rule and regulation or in other words, citizenship right, according with utilization article which is summarized in citizenship, is evaluated efficiently. The results of evaluation of urban regulations and development designs and construction approved by Iran urbanization and architecture high council from establishment till now which is, but unfortunately such approaches was not echoed in collection of urban general law and regulation. A citizen is a formal member of one city or state or country. Such view reminds the rights and responsibilities for citizens which is predicted and compiled in law. In law point of view, the society need regulations which consider and organize, commercial, assets, ownership, urbanization, political relations and family issues. Therefore in urban point of view, the subject of citizenship rights is, people relations and their responsibility against each other, the principles, aims, duties and the methods of taking such responsibilities. In fact the citizenship right associated with citizens duties and responsibilities against each other, city m government, country and also rights and advantageous which is assuming by urban managers (mayor), government or generally ruling power. Such collection of right and re4sponsibility is named “citizenship right”. In another research we will present the subject of city, citizenship and their concept, city and citizenship right and their condition in current law and Finlay conclusion.

Coastal zones from view of Humanity activities and physiological conditions have a very system.These activities are formed while competence and contacting with each other in using of natural sources often in limit areas, cause destruction of and non-resistance in development of these regions. This affair special in Mazandaran sea that have changes of sever oscillations on water,therefore coastal line change very much and about10%population of state lice in coastal boundary of this sea and travelers and immigrants scramble to this country in one limited area and will be more in future. Integrated coastal zone management ICZM is one of important subjects in environmental sources management in today’s world in coastal environments. On the basis, in mazandaran sea,Management as multi aspects in manner of applying of lands in coastal area in manner of using of land in coastal areas through programming in land use planning and ordering suitable regulations and in effect of its execution, with observation to limitations of using from coastal zones can be effective in maintaining of coastal boundaries and persistence of its ecologic. However,in lieu of very sensitiveness of this type of costal zones and their pathology for humanity uses,it seems management of this type of zones is very necessary.