فصلنامه اندیشه تقریب
پیاپی 25 (زمستان 1389)

It is obvious that during the time of the Prophet there was no need for Ijtihad, since religious rules and concept were directly issued by the Prophet. The method of Ijtihad became a common method after demise of the Prophet and during the time of ‘’Tabe’in’’; however, after this period and by the beginning of the second century, jurisprudential-based religions and sects were founded and by the mid-fourth century as many as 130 religions were formed. The author believes that formation of Islamic religions is an indication of evolution of Islamic wisdom and a valuable intellectual asset for Islamic civilization. It is his belief that the movement towards Islamic proximity which started during recent decades is rooted in the far Islamic eras and the undoubted foundations believed by all the Islamic religions (without exception) used by them as the base of their unity. The author indicates the policies and strategies encouraging proximity and notes the role of scholars and thinkers in the process of establishing proximity.

Essence of Islamic unity and cohesion between creeds is the major question of this paper. In the introduction of the paper, the author discusses the necessity and the findings of the study. In order to answer the main question of the study, the viewpoints of Ayatollah Brujerdi, Alame Amini, Shahid Motahari, Imam Khomeini and the Great Leader are presented. The author, in the end, concludes that the theory of Islamic unity and cohesion among creeds influences the relationship of the followers of each creed and the issue is a jurisprudential and legal issue. Question of proximity is not a theological issue and applying theological methods leads to a methodological bias.

Indonesia is located in south-east of Asia and is a Muslim country. The country is formed by a collection of islands. ‘’Shafe’i’’ Muslims in Indonesia moved towards forming a new political system to remove tyranny and colonization. The country became independent in 1945 and the political leaders of the islands experienced several intellectual movements. This paper indicates topology of intellectual movements formed among Indonesian’s Muslim groups and explains these movements descriptively.

One of the old concerns of Muslim thinkers, including Iqbal Lahuri, is Islamic unity. Iqbal’s literature works in Farsi and Urdu are filled with the message of Islamic unity. This paper attempts to introduce chief standards and principles of Islamic unity mentioned in Farsi poems of Iqbal and indicate their roles in unity and cohesion of Islamic nation. The author explains necessity and domain of unity and elaborates on such issues as monotheism, prophecy, the Quran, and Mecca.

Ahbash is a title given to the followers of Sheikh Abdullah Harari Habashi Abdari. They became well-known after they dominated Jam’iyat Al-Mashari’e Al-Khayriye in Labenon. Abdullah Habashi and some of his students formed this denomination in 1950. Knowing this denomination is very important as they are inflectional in the Lebanese society, and some Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Sheikh Abdullah has trained a generation of students who are Sufi, but have an effective impact in political, social and cultural development of the country. Sheikh Abdullah’s Sufi thinking and that of his followers have turned them to a serious enemy of Salafi-movements particularly the Wahabies.Ahbash, in terms of their beliefs, follow the religion of Asha’ere Moto’akher (who are close to Jahmiyye), Mar’ja’e, Emamiyye, and the Sufi orders such as Refa’iye and Naqshbandiye. Using analytical-explanatory method and through assessing chief resources of Ahbash and the works written against them, the author attempts to present a paper about Ahbash sect in such areas as culture, society and policies for the first time in Iran and in Farsi language.

Although it may look unimportant and non-political, the movement of Fethullah Gülen, is impornat movement and deserves attentin. An overview of the current movements in the world of Islam, particularly in the strategic region of Middle-East reflects that the majority of the Islamic movements are fundamental and anti-Islamic unity. They are mostly politcal and their goals are to get the control of state and then creation of a radical Islamic society. However, instructive movement of Fethullah Gülen has a different situation.

Kingdom of Oman has an ancient history. Arabs form the majority of population and some Baluch and some people from south of Asia, India and some other countries live there. Most of the people are Muslim and Abadhi is the dominant sect. The main topics of this paper are major cities and historical backgrounds, social and cultural aspects of Abadhi, a perspective of religious society of Oman, political history and Islamic awakening. The author also briefly indicates Iran-Oman relation from the 19th century until present in brief.