نشریه مدیریت شهری
پیاپی 25 (بهار و تابستان 1389)

Globalization is undoubtedly the most striking difference between yesterday and today; it is closely related with the concepts of integration and homogenization of the world, the global village, global communication compression, or “excessive compaction of different meanings and concepts” according to John Short. Implications and consequences of this phenomenon have widely overshadowed political, economic, social and cultural aspects of global communities differently. Cities are like a reflection and portray for globalization in a way that the dynamics of contemporary cities implicate globalization. Cities in the Age of Globalization have rapidly changed their economies in order to adapt themselves to multinational companies, international media and foreign tourists. International trade centers, International festivals and immigrant communities are now parts of urban landscape. On the same basis, the present study attempts to analyze the consequences of globalization on cities, and consequently on urban regime changes, in a descriptive – analytic way. This research shows that the processes of globalization have lead to changes in cities and network of cities. This means that most funds and elites are concentrated in particular cities. Social polarization and digital dichotomy has increasingly risen. “Fear architected” is hanging upon the wealthy habitations and Kinsey city has been replaced by the entrepreneurship city. It means that the principles and procedures of urban policy have changed from the welfare policies towards economic competitiveness policies. The idea of cities as a place of collective life has peacefully changed to the idea of cities as places of competitive economic benefits.

Environmental safety and citizen's perception of simulated natural environments towards utilization of urban landscapes and its applications are among the most significant standpoint of developed countries especially in scientific fields such as sociology, management and landscape design. Subjective and objective perception of safety refers to landscape structure and arrangements of its components. Certain criteria and standards of environmental safety should be developed so structure and arrangements of components could be figured out. In this regard, it could be pointed out to CPTED method which emphasizes on decreasing delinquencies by and through landscape design. Simply there are so many places and situations in which it is probable that men feel safe but women dont. Objective of the present study is to identify criteria and principals which emphasizes on details of women safety in society and various part of urban landscape that is essential needs and requirements which might be subjective yet have an effect on environmental efficiency. To achieve such goal in the present study number of individuals has been estimated and the environments have been rated based on the individual's concentration in each part. Considering such statistical data compared to data gathered by police division of park delinquencies, it has been recognized that absence of individuals is proportional to scale of delinquencies and misbehaviors. Subsequently women are asked to present their idea in a questionnaire based on CPTED principals on lack of safety in urban districts (especially in the case study park) and other places they are not willing to be. Finally it is concluded that in societies which have a deep tenets and cultural structures, CPTED method should have included detailed criteria of landscape design characteristics for women.

As in many developing countries, Iranian cities are growing in population and physically expanding at a high rate. For approximately the past five decades, after formulation of the first series of urban development plans, defining the urban growth boundary (UGB) has been an important policy tool of (central) government and urban management agencies. Throughout this period and despite clear evidence indicating the ineffectiveness of the UGB whose policy has been adhered to with no major modifications. Perhaps lack of effort in this area goes back to the absence of scientific studies in the field of level of success of the policies and available tools. It is such an extent that current trend of urban growth management is considered as an appropriate approach. This article, while paying attention to relevant theoretical topics, analyses urban growth management and boundary in Iran. Evaluation of the current growth management process is conducted through definition of special quantitative indices and sample monitoring using non-parametric analysis techniques in GIS. As a result through a quantitative framework, this research demonstrates the weaknesses in the current procedure. The fundamental blunders cast doubt over the accuracy and credibility of the urban management mechanisms in Iran. Applicable results from the research include the necessity to revise the current policy tools.

Counter urbanization is the movement of population from urban areas to rural areas that generally is associated with migration from cities to villages. There is many evidences about counter urbanization in developed courtiers in past decades, but this phenomenon is relatively new in developing countries and there is in limited spaces including the metropolis environs. There are evidences about the temporary and permanent counter urbanization and reverse migration of people from metropolises to urban and rural areas in Iran especially in city of Tehran. The Objectives of the present research is study and analysis of counter urbanization and its changes in city of Tehran and factors affecting it. The required data by documental methods and mainly by secondary analysis of population senses is gathered and then processed and analyzed. The results indicates the net- migration in city of Tehran at least two recent decades was negative and in fact some of Tehran’s residents have immigrated to surrounding rural and urban areas in certain periods. However although the net- migration has been negative in city of Tehran in past two decades, but these population flows didn’t have important role in decentralization from city of Tehran, because of Tehran's most important migration destination are other townships in Tehran province especially cities and villages around the city of Tehran and this settlement doesn’t have far with Tehran. Therefore is necessary implementing development plans and regional balance in the country and rural and urban integrated management in Tehran Metropolitan Area? Also decentralization should be total Tehran province or at least cover the Tehran Metropolitan Area and doesn’t have limited only to city of Tehran (22 urban districts).

In the context of theoretical literature and the overlap of interdependent of coherent subjects like “urban planning” and problem solving in urban design, the concept of creativity and innovation incentives are contemporary ones which depending on the emergence of new trend’s bring up the affection of reflection and urban construction reflection hierarchy context, specialty in the context of criticism and interpretive reflection. Accordingly here are “children and youths” who have not cared for the process of urban planning and design; however, study for finding solutions and policies in this regard is of high importance so that invocation of sense of creativity in these groups can be the most important case which are necessary in design of urban spaces and environments. Results of the study show that by urban spaces design, especially urban public spaces and environments and parks, the possibility of empowering and invocating citizen’s sense of creativity as a whole and that of children and youths specialty is brought up whose consequences are pointed out in some criteria frameworks (in strategic, technical and administrative contexts; generally and specifically.

The main purpose of the present research is the classification and Specification & the priority of educational requirements of citizens of Tehran District No. 19 according to the municipality educational syllabuses (Urban Civil Assistant Department). For this purpose, 29 educational subjects which are subset of urban mayor domain assistant have been classified and organized according to priority. Classification and making their priority of citizens’ educational requirements is one of the administrative directors’ distresses. Surveying society is all citizens of Tehran District No.19 (included as male and female specially, family supervisors) on the first half of 2008 that their numbers are 248/315 people (64285 family). 384 people have been elected through cluster- randomly sampling method according to the Morgan Table. Research method is descriptive-measurement and measurement tool was the researcher questioners which have 29 closed questions. After description of the collected data, the sample group and data have been analyzed through Chi Square and Freidman Statistical Test. According to the results of the research, educational requirements of citizens of Tehran-District No. 19 has been organized and classified. For sampling, the 1st priority is urban public hygiene and the 2th, priority is individual and family methods and ways of help and rescue and the likes.

The aim of this paper is to identify the role of management in economic and social sustainability of urban regions from the viewpoint of citizens. Using existing literature, initially some influence managerial indicators to evaluate the extraction effects and based on the required data through questionnaires has been collected from the city of NOOR. Research method is descriptive analytical which it appropriate to the type of data, nonparametric statistical tests for data analysis has been used. From the viewpoint of citizens, Research results show that administrators with their own functions and programs have caused positive social and economic effects such as: increasing level income of citizens, increasing of employment and creation job opportunities, rising life standards, reducing unemployment, reducing crime and activities Unlawful cities, reduce social conflicts, rising level of social security; and negative effects such as: lack of people participation in projects and programs in landscape and landscape degradation. Based on κ-square test statistics in this area, there are significant agreements between the citizens.

Making appropriate urban spaces for the disabled that should be considered the most priority of urban management programs and actions. Despite significant policy and legislative actions of national and local urban management Tehran a long, medium and short- term plan run prospects for solid, sustainable and effective mechanisms of monitoring, controlling, evaluation and organization arrangements rerequire in making appropriate urban spaces for the disabled does not include completely. This study surveying the structural pathology-Management making appropriate buildings and public roads for disabled people in Tehran and a program executive at two levels and a few related variables and indicators. First level data to study Library and information in the second method with five case studies from field samples of buildings and public roads in areas of northern, central, south, east and west of Tehran has been collected. For statistical analysis, the quantitative and qualitative research methods were used simultaneously. Based on the findings of this study that focused on the structure and function of performance necessary to disperse the Tehran urban management making appropriate urban spaces for the disabled and does not require the development of participatory political structure based on the plural good governance. Reform the structure, processes, information and education, including general and specialized management solutions realization rules making appropriate urban spaces for the disabled in Tehran.

Various events in the country according to the extent and variety of climate, human made dangerous, the gap between urban and rural environments, unfair distribution of services and facilities and lack of hierarchy in the rural community service problems are following the disastrous, One way to increase efficiency and safety factor depends on the villages is identifying, study and proper implementation of new methods to reduce fire risks by building firefighting center and their correct site selecting in the villages, In this study the village of Tahergurab from central city of Some Sara of Gilan province, with the aim of performance measurement and improvement of the existing firefighting station service hierarchy model and determining optimal location of rural firefighting stations, the defined area by using documents and field and analytical methods - descriptive and quantitative methods were studied. Accordingly Tahergurab village with large population (1317 persons) and the minimum total distance (102.9 km) compared to other villages, there most types of services in total institutions based on Gatman method (29 units) and having the highest centrality values (2.81), is the appropriate location for construction and development of firefighting center. Also, based on the SWOT model, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the firefighting station according to different environmental aspects - ecological, economic, administrative review and ultimately a comprehensive safety and fire model is presented. The result suggests a positive and effective role in dealing with incidents of this firefighting station, especially, fire and increase public satisfaction is a function of the firefighting station.

Today, informal settlements as part of urban structures have been accepted and tried that existing capacity of organizing and empowering them to be used. Important issues in the informal settlements which are always considered documents empowerment, is social structures in this settlements. This research is trying to use descriptive and analytical approach and using the field techniques and use of questionnaires to evaluate the social structure of informal settlements. For this purpose, two informal settlements which names are Sheshsad dastgah and Poshtshahr in BandarAbbas has been studied. Descriptive data were reviewed and data were analyzed using factor analysis. The results show that these neighborhoods in homogeneous distribution and social indicators coordinate variables are not homogeneous. And most of the studied variables have not an acceptable coefficient in factor variables and homogeneous development of social indicators. The results in this direction were summarized and recommendations to promote and improve social indicators were presented.

It should be noted that in provision of “urban department document”, caring for land development management is of those important issues whereas neglecting of interdependent to land development management in one hand, and being parallel to the pre-stream of physical development for urban spaces in other hand, result in district of the main goals of development plans which are important in the context of toward “urban life quality promotion”. The main goal of this article is to introduce an applied model in the context of land development management so as to create coordination between development stream in cities and future development plans emphasizing and paying attention to the existing environmental potentials and the way to deal with the concepts of land and ownership and solution in this regard. Therefore, “land readjustment” is introduced as a selected method for land development management in urban contexts, and its different applications are investigated with respect to the experiences of recent decades. Result of the study can be used as useful tool and applications toward guiding and management of land development, and in accordance with “urban management” especialically the areas of land ownership rights and the methods of dealing with future development of the city in accordance with urban development plans.

Cities are increasingly aware that they need to take a proactive role in making their local economy competitive and in improving the quality of life for all residents. Experience in developed countries indicates that local government economic and social development efforts are more successful if guided by a strategic process. In between visioning as a heart of strategic process and as a strategic thinking before strategic planning is important in planning for urban development.

This paper followed two principal goals: first purpose is to provide community residents with a process for thinking about and planning for their shared future. The second purpose is guides a community through the process of arriving at a shared vision for urban development planning and an action plan that supports and leads the Maragheh toward its goals.

The methodology is practical at the purpose of research and descriptive- analytic at the course of research. Responder for this study was 305 citizens, 62 elites (in one of two focus groups) and 36 city authorities. A nonrandom selection process was used to obtain focus groups and city authorities and random selection for citizen.

It combines input from citizen, focus groups and city authorities to positively influence urban development planning initiatives. This process result will culminated in the creation of a vision that will guide urban development and invigorate city’s action plan.

Most of reconstruction programs after the happenings, the total or partial policy of relocation of habitation, as an appropriate solution, respect to technical aspect, is considered for decreasing the risk and providing security for earthquake, flood, ground drift, etc. However, investigating different experiences predicate that the relocation consequences are in forms that generally the remainders which were transited for reasons as the lack of any the reconciliation at renovation of architecture in the new village with the old village in the process of rehabilitation, that there were no satisfaction and often the relocation caused the villagers lose their self-sufficiency and feel dependent to a place at the new village. At this article the village is assumed as a text which consists of different layers and by investigating the semiotics approaches, based on Lotman Symbolic theory, the manner of how the transformation signs such as the sky-line, the neighborhood system, the pavement network model, and etc. at the new village of Babapashaman at Lorestan Province are considered. With regard to transformation of the sings and satisfaction villagers, design with stress on semi logy analysis and utilization of old rural sings that is acceptable by villagers that must be rehabilitation or relocation can be use for designing villages.

Municipality performance measurement and evaluation for services delivery can be done in two ways, based on objective and subjective perspective. In objective view, quality of services measured according to the certain standards and criteria. While in subjective view, citizen satisfaction and their feelings are determinant for quality of municipality performance. In present research, a model for evaluating municipality performance has been designed and implemented in two districts of Tehran, based on literature review and examination of other countrie's experiences. The main purpose of this study is assessing the citizen satisfaction with municipal services and also evaluating factors affecting it. In this research, satisfaction will be examined as a dependent variable. Urban public services including 17 municipality tasks and their quality are considered as independent variables which have direct impact on overall living environment quality and citizen satisfaction. In this survey research, the main and necessary data has been gathered by questionnaire. In this study, the impact of various factors on citizen satisfaction has been considered. The results indicate that citizen satisfaction level in both districts is close to average, but there are differences between two district residents based upon social characteristics such as age, education and gender on citizen satisfaction.

In this article, the authors try to describe and explain the influence mosques on the quality of urban environment. The investigation is going to answer the following questions: whether mosques can affect the quality of the surrounding physical environment or not? Whether the socio-cultural and religious function of mosques affects their social environment such as social cohesion and the sense of locality? The Hypotheses of this research are as below: 1. It seems that the existence of the mosques affects the surrounding physical environment. 2. There is a meaningful relationship between the socio-cultural and religious function of the mosques and the level of social cohesion in the case under study. 3. There is a significant relationship between the existence of mosque in a neighborhood and the sense of locality. In order to examine the above hypotheses, Hazrat-e Amir mosque was selected as the case study and a questionnaire was prepared and then data were collected. The variables were determined and defined. Finally the responds were analyzed by SPSS. Based on the results, the third hypothesis was rejected and the other two were accepted.

Inner city renovation attitudes has been increased last decades، this growing attitudes make planners pay attention to best comprehensive approaches، one of this is organic approaches that consider all economical، social، functional، legislative and physical aspects together. Creative development as a means of this approaches also consist on combination of culture and economy explained by Florida (2002)، this concept can carry in heritage sites with tourism consideration، it means that creative development with tourism approaches can led to renovation. But the question is that “Is the potential of deferent parcels or zones in one district the same for development?” this theses focus on identifying suitable zones for creative development with tourism approach in heritage sites with SZCD model، that measure factors، criteria and indexes of creative development with tourism approaches by using AHP methods.