ماهنامه شهرداریها
پیاپی 88 (بهار 1387)

Urban greenery in arid regions is currently massively unsustainable from a water consumption standpoint, and even more water is needed as urban greenspaces expand. Water shortages have stopped acceptable urban forestry growth. Most of the cultivated woody species in the Isfahan landscape have a low leaf water potential. Two species are common in Isfashan and replacing these species with other, lower water consumption species would provide more water for developing the landscape. To select species with the desired advantages from those that are cultivated in the Isfahan landscape, 16 species are compared in an experiment alongside three species new to the Isfahan urban landscape. The experiment used random factorial-split-split-plots with 5 replicates. Two soil types and five irrigation regimes were applied to these species cultivated in 20 Li plastic pots under drip irrigation. To quantify the drought resistance of each species, water potential (Ψ) was measured using a portable pressure chamber. To evaluate each species’ resistance to drought, the survival rate and Ψ were used to produce an Index of Drought Tolerances Species (IDTS). The IDTS has grouped the species into 5 sets: 1-high water consuming species (IDTS<10); 2- low water consuming species (IDTS 10-15); 3-normal water needed species (IDTS 15-20); 4-drought resistant species (IDTS 20-25) and 5-drought tolerant species (IDTS >25). According to IDTS, Salix and Populous spp is a high water consuming species; Platanus and Albizia are low water consuming species and Quercus plus Olea can be considered as drought tolerant species in the Isfahan climate under cultivation and irrigation conditions. The information has also been classified using a denderogram method as well. The cluster analysis of the species have classified them into a similar grouping.t,

City and nature, as two main poles of training human being in different manner have been under account of man societies and as two sides of a chain has special situation in life of city dwellers that with bilateral effects, has no logical relationships.In that case, concepts of nature, city and relations between these two, are considered as three main branches of this urban plan, because if nature is considered as main structure of city, then we can reach to new situation of urban-natural, via work on lands which natural, shaped and movable powers are existed on.

The World Tourism Organization (WTO) estimates that international tourist arrivals are predicted to grow by an average 4. 1% a year over the next two decades, surpassing a total of one billion international travelers by the year 2010 and reaching 1. 6 billion by the year 2020. Tourism is the world’s largest employer, generating, directly and indirectly, nearly 200 million jobs or some 10% of the jobs globally. Ecotourism is a nature based form of specialty travel defined by The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) as “responsible travel to natural areas which conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people. Recent information showed that most of this section is related to ecotourism travelers that will have grown 10-30 % in future. It is predicted that until next decade the number of ecotourism will have been over 20 % and even 50% of total tourist travels. The existence of individual natural resources, local and national parks, forests, green spaces and landscapes, different climate, temperature and rainfall …is the best situation for development of ecotourism industry in Iran. Important case that to reach it, on the basis of world standard and scientific ways, Not only can improve the natural resources quality and their ruin prevention, but also affect on local and national economical, cultural and social development that are inseparable in related to them.

Despite the fast technology developing, industry and increasing environment pollution, human society has entered to a stage of awareness and appreciation from nature and environment that searches its relieve and health in connection with its environment. Ecologists believe that it can be help to the environment improvement and provide conditions for better and healthier life by establishing landscapes and parks. One of the pests that damage to the lawn and ornamental trees very severely is the some Scarabaeidae family larva (white grubs).This larva causes damaging and deracinating the lawn by feeding from the plant root. Qazvin has about 460 hectares landscapes that this pest damages to many parts of it. Until now, available methods can not be success in controlling this pest, so this research was done in year 2006 in Qazvin on privet (Ligustrum vulgare) and in T-test experimental design for introducing a new method to solve this problem. Preventive control treatments included Thiamethoxam 0.0005, Imidacloprid 350 SC, 0.001, 0.002 and 0.003 and curative control treatments included Carbaryl 85% WP 0.005, 0.002, 0.003 and 0.005. Imidacloprid (0.003) had the best effect for preventive control and Carbaryl (0.005) was most effective treatment in curative control.

Tetranychus urticae Koch and T. cinnabarinus (Boisduval) are the most important pests in often rose species and also Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot is the most important predator of them in greenhouse. According to research design, a extension design performed in 6 greenhouses of 2 floriculturists (A & B) in 2005 and 2006. Three greenhouses selected of each floriculturist for the design: A greenhouse without spray as control, a greenhouse with common spray (with abamectin EC 1.8% 0.20ml/lit + Volk oil 100% 0.25 ml/lit) and a greenhouse with integrated control, beginning spray abamectin 0.20ml/lit mixed to Volk oil 0.25 ml/lit afterwards release with the predator mite amounting to 1:10 predator to prey in conformity with 100 samples. Data noted down previous and next of spray and predator release distance in 5 days till 30 days. Results showed integrated control greenhouses were consisted the least number of spider mites then spray greenhouses and afterwards control greenhouses were in after level. Effect percentage of methods counted by Henderson_Tilton formula and data analysis performed after transformed to xArcsin.Treatments mines comparedwith Duncan’s multiple range testing and treatment were significant differences with control (α=5%). Integrated (A), integrated (B), spray (A), spray (B), control (A) and control (B) greenhouses have 93.56, 67.28, 64.69, 60.04, 0.0 and 0.0 effect percentage respectively. According to the results integrated method with 93.52% mortality was the most effective that recommended using of rose greenhouse. Of course in rose fields must to increase release predator mites in during year. So in outbreak of spider mites in fields must use up biological poison mixed oil.

Endophytic fungi from genus Neotyphodium make symbiotic association with many cool-season grasses. More than 100 species from 80 genera of grass family have been found to be endophyte host including lawns such as Lolium and Festuca. Endophytic fungi as a biological agent alter vegetative, morphological and physiological characters of host plants, improve growth and increase their stability against biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to evaluate the effects of this fungus in salt tolerance increasing of tall fescue, infected plant were selected by rose bengal staining method. Plant tillers were splited into two parts and one part was freed from endophyte using fungicides Fulicur and Propiconazol. New tillers from endophyte-infected and endophyte-free clones were transferred to Johnson,s nutrient solutions with half concentration. Salt with four levels, 0,Role of endophytic fungi in salt tolerance increasing ofturfgrasses0.5, 1 and 1.5 percent salt (NaCl) in three replicated and in a randomized complete block design were treated. Evaluated traits were tiller number, shoot weight, root weight, and crown weight per plant. Results showed that the influence of endophyte fungus was positive and significant on tiller number, shoot weight, root weight, and crown weight per plant. Results of this study showed that endophyte fungus has an important role in increase of plant tolerance against salinity stress.

Although all flowers are beautiful, but rose flowers are interested in by many people. The culturing of rose is an economic job. Today culturing of rose is customary in cities. The different arthropods are damaging to rose flowers directly and indirectly. For correct management of pest, it is necessary to survey their species, biology and damage symptoms. Fllowing pest species are collected and identified from Tehran and other cities of Iran on rose flower s during 2004-2006 years. Macrosiphum rosae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Aulacaspis rosae, Edwardsiana rosae, Aleurodes cotesii, Thrips tabaci, Frankiniella intonsa, Tetranychus urticae• Group of leaf feeders: Megachilla sp., Arge rosae,Allantus viennensis,Caliroa limacine, Cacoecia rosana, Archips rosanus• Group of flower feeders: Oxythyrea cinctella, Epicometis hirta,Cetonia aurata,Rhodites rosae• Group of wood feeders: Ardis bipunctata, Osphranteria coerulescens, Polyphylla olivieriFor correct integrated pest management of above mentioned pests: pruning of infected parts and burning them, water spraying with sever pressure, conservation of natural enemies and their correct applying using selective safe pesticides, mechanical and cultural control such as: weeds control, nutrition of plants are recommended.

Rose is one of the most important ornamental plants that used in urban landscape design and is cultivated in more than 512 ha in Iran. Powdery mildew is one of the most common diseases of rose that in the case of severe damage reduce quality and salability of plants. In an Investigation for evaluation of reaction of roses of different clones against powdery mildew causal fungus, Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae, at 2002-2005, in first year, 30 clones were selected visually to find resistance against powdery mildew from commercial greenhouses and rose collection of the national ornamental plants research station of Mahallat. After screening, at 2003, 24 clones were selected for experiment. Evaluation was carried out at two successive years in glasshouse with rooted cutting of rose clones in plastic pots in randomized complete block design with three replications. Top leaflets of fourth leave was used for artificially inoculation. Disease assessment was made two week after inoculation. In first year result showed that four clones, C-20, C-22, C-1 and C-6 were resistant and clone C-20 was the most resistant clones. The clones C-7, C-8, C-4, C-24, C-10, C-15, and C-2 were susceptible and other clones were moderate susceptible. Second year results have not significant different with first year results. Comparison of clones in two successive years showed that three clones C-20, C-22 and C-1 were most resistant clones against disease and clones: C-7, C-8, C-4, C-24, C-10 and C-2 were not resistance against disease. Regards to both years results C-20 was introduced as most resistant clone. Resistant clones can be used in breeding programs with others clones or cultivars of roses and culturing in regions that suitable for diseases development.

Trichoderma species are useful, avirulent plant symbionts that act as bicontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi through mechanisms of competition, rhizospher competenc, mycoparasitism, antibiotic and enzyme production, induced resistance and plant growth promoting. In this study, 25 samples of bulk soil and ornamental plants rhizospher were collected from greenspace in different area of Markazi province and were then cultured on semiselective media. 72 obtained Trichoderma isolates were purified using hyphal tip method and identified based on morphological and physiological characteristics. These isolates were plenty respectivly identified T. harzianum, T. virens, T. brevicompactum, T. koningii and one isolates of Longibrachiatum Section. In future, Trichoderma native isolates would be screened based on antagonistic activities in antifungal trials and it will be possible the selection of more effective isolates with high biocontrol capacity for supplying bioproducts to combat the phytopathogens.

The problem of water shortage is a common limitation of development in most arid and semi-arid areas including urban greenspace extensiont. Today, human is trying to employ the most advanced technology and knowledge to solve this problem. Optimization of available water resources usage as well as meeting new water resources are the main solutions to this limitation. Planning to harvest rainwater from previously prepared surfaces (homes, factories and commertial building roofs, impermeable surfaces of airports, streets and roods and …) and also fog and dew collection projects are the methods that can supply sustainable and suitable water for greenspace irrigation in different parts of Iran. This paper tries to review the main characteristics and advantages of these methods for developing greenspace from different points of view, and in different parts of the county.

For investigation of plant nutrition and soil fertility disorders in Saadat Abad orchard in Qazvin was sampled of soil depths(0-30),(30-60)and (60-90) centimetre in different site.Physical and chemical Characteristics including: EC, PH, Texture, SAR, % T.N.V, macro and micro nutrients in soil and irrigation water samples analyzed.Micro and macro nutrients in soil were imbalance because of application of organic and inorganic fertilizers not suitable.In irrigation water sample alkalinity was low to medium, and EC was low. Zn and Fe deficiency in shoot of tree was very hard.There for must have been planning for fertilizer suitable recommendation.

In our country reason of shortage outdoor recration centers programing for creation place for outdoor rereation essentioal perfectly. Forest is important and arttractive outdoor recreation resources in nature that destination a lat of nature base tourism. In study for determining form of intensive and extensive outdoor recreation in Traditional section of Mondj in forest region of Lordegan town in chahar Maha-o-Bakhteyari state by using method of parametric assessment according to optimum composing and advantage to attache by applied GIS. In this investigation used 6 environment criteria including: climate, soil, forest coverage, water resource, land form and landscape and 4 criteria social and economic including: cultural and history attrativens, access, outdoor recreational deand and landuse for evalution of ability outdoor recreation in traditional section of Mondje. Result showed in selected 6.3 hectar for intensive outdoor recreation and didn’t limitation remainder area (2476 hectar) for extensive outdoor recreation. Ability outdoor recreation has most desirable in Aprill, June, Septamber, Julay and August arrangment in area determining. In investigation using criteria’s in this study showed climate was important factor influnce on outdoor recreation and after stage access possibility, being and quality water resource, slope, aspect, percent coverage of forest, soil outdoor recreation interesting and landscape arrangment has most influence on outdoor recreation while outdoor recreation demand and landuse has perfectly influence in process. Investigation criteria’s social and economic showed in this region programming of outdoor recreation with will confront reception of local people. So suggest that use this region plannig and designing.

Metrological and topographical conditions in the east Azerbaijan province in Iran caused that the many part of its population habited in restricted area, such as fertility valleys and plains. The increase of population pressure to agricultural lands and it is the major threat to the environmental status in this area. This condition was sensible in the green space of valley that it located in the nearest of the Tabriz metropolitan area.destroy garden and cultivated area.Finding of this research show that, the settlement populations of this area increased about 12%, whereas the menstruation of constricted area increased 77% in the base of satellite images during 1992-2001. So, if this process is continued at these trends, we will faced with an environmental crisis in this area and will be destroyed its beautiful natural landscape.