فصلنامه آمایش محیط
پیاپی 8 (بهار 1389)

Bicycles, as a travel opportunity, are a mode of travel that can replace private vehicles. Although bicycle use composes only a low percentage of the entire traffic volume, the effect that this low percentage has on traffic in Iran should not be ignored and should be planned. Therefore, some cities have planned extensively to provide some special facilities such as special routes for bicycles. Increasing bicycle use through providing special routes for bicycles can result in a reduction in traffic volume. Shiraz, as a metropolitan city in Iran, with a high volume of traffic and with a large number of people, is planning to run subway and provide bicycle routes so as to lighten the traffic and reduce its resulted problems. The present study, thus, aims to investigate the correlation between providing bicycles routes and the reduction of traffic volume in the historical regions of Shiraz. This study is based on the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the rate of bicycle use and traffic volume reduction. To verify this hypothesis, network analyses are used based on GIS maps. The research method used is a mixture of spatial analysis and correlational analysis. The data are collected through referential analysis. The results show that an increase in the bicycle use in not effective in traffic volume reduction and that other factors such as providing bicycle routes can have a significant role in traffic volume reduction.

Climatic factors are the most important variables among effective factors in agricultural productions, which would cost too much to be controlled. So, the only possible way to stand against natural restrictions, especially climatic restrictions, is recognizing these restrictions, adjusting oneself to them and managing crops effectively. In this case study, climatic parameters of temperature, rain, day temperature, and environmental parameters like slope, slope direction, the distance from hydrograph network and soil are which are considered as important factors in the zonation of fertile lands for citrus in Lorestan province are investigated. In the present study, first the data of climatic parameters are collected; next the maps of the related parameters are done with various interpolation methods and the other methods in Arc GIS 9.2 software (Esri Company). These maps are then standardized with Index overlay logic and Fuzzy logic and criteria for planting citrus and each of them is given specific weight. Then, all of the standardized maps are integrated using AHP logic and subsequently, the appropriate locations for citrus orchards and zonation map in Lorestan province are identified. In the final map, by the Index Overlay logic, 981523/56 hectares of Lorestan lands are suitable for citrus plantation, 968921/14 hectares of Lorestan lands have a medium capability and 922175/22 hectares of Lorestan lands are unsuitable for this purpose. In the final map, by the Fuzzy logic, 1003218/231 hectares of Lorestan lands are suitable for citrus plantation, 1018497/982 hectares of Lorestan lands have a medium capability and 837386/428 hectares of Lorestan lands are unsuitable for this purpose. The final results show that the importance of each of the climate and land factors differs according to different phonologic stages in different regions of the province, and the possibility of recognizing the utility rates of citrus production would be provided through overlaying various effective layers of this yield in GIS environment.

The ever-increasing growth and growing share of tourism in global economy adds a new cycle to the fundamental mechanism of this industry everyday in a way that tourism industry itself has become a sample of the global village. Thus, the development of economical, social and cultural activities has been tied to the activities related to tourism in many dimensions. One of the very important attractions that has been popular for most of the people in the world, is the cultural and historical attractions, which introduce the particular culture of the country and show the values of that territory and characteristics of its people. The attractions of the vast land of Iran, with its colorful and exceptional nature along with the culture and its ancient civilization, originate in old history of this country. In addition, with regard to a lot of relics in different parts of the country, it has been ranked as one of the first ten countries in the world in terms of historical and cultural position. Golestan Province as part of the vast land of Iran has a brilliant background in history and is very rich in terms of historical and memorial areas. Having a very old history and being a transportation path between the east and west of the country cause Golestan Province to be one of the main historical centers of Iran. The relics and various sights which have remained from the creation path of culture and human civilization can be used as tourist attractions. The hills, castles, beautiful mosques, shrines, towers, historic rural and urban focuses, palaces, bridges, historic passage ways and crossings, tombs, defensive walls and different traditions and customs, etc. are just some samples of the historical and cultural attractions in Golestan Province, which can have an outstanding role in attracting internal and foreign tourists if invested properly and if modern methods of propaganda are used.

Napag, one of the most famous and fascinating mud volcanoes of Iran, is located in the west of Chabahar port and 17 Km southwest of Kahir village in SE Iran. Although the main features of this mud volcano have formerly been studied by several investigators, one of its interesting phenomena which is of high diversity in the Micromorphology of its surface flows, has not been studied yet. So, in this paper, after a brief introduction of the Napag, first the outpouring mud is being examined from hydro-chemical and mineralogical viewpoints and, afterwards, seven types of Micromorphologies identified upon its flows are explained with images. Also, the mode of formation, as well as spatial and temporal situation of the morphologies are discussed. In the end, the paper will deal with their formation and evolution according of the basic principles of geomorphology.

The fuel-income injection has caused a rapid urbanization in our country in such a way that the growth of civil population has surpassed its development. This matter has led to many complicated problems in the cities. Thus, some adjustments of the country planning seem inevitable. These adjustments must be cultural rather than physical. It means that the citizens’ rights and citizenry must be observed in various parts of the country. The citizens’ main functions include the administration of their society on the basis of respecting others’ rights and their commitment to preserve the common bases which stabilize these rights. The principal feature of this idea is the existence of cooperation in the dignitaries of the sovereignty (government, citizens, and private ownerships) in the society in such a way that the civil problems between the mentioned dignitaries can be set forth and settled in an interactive negotiation. Looking at the history of Iran, we can say that there has been no clear distinction in meaning for citizenship and citizenry (i.e. observing the others’ rights and duties) during the last few decades. The society has acted more in a mass fashion and the governments have had more despotic power. Thus, the planning process in the country has been distributed in a top-down fashion. According to the present study, the citizens’ governance in the society, along with good urban governance, can be a big step to settle many problems of our cities, thereby realizing public education, developing citizens’ knowledge levels, as well as preparing the cultural grounds. For this reason, after stating the problem, the researcher has paid attention to the meaning of city and citizenship, as well as its status in political societies, in the Fundamental Law, and in municipality laws. Then, the subject of cooperation in managing cities and its status in urban management in Iran and in the world has been surveyed. Also, the most important issues and management problems of metropolitan areas in Iran have been specifically investigated. Finally, a scientific recommendation has been proposed. The conclusion was that there is no appropriate ground for constitutional zing of the citizenry either in Iran or in Hamedan and, as a result the necessary requirements should be met in this regard.

zhe old and historical regions of cities, which in most cases form the primary and main nucleus of those cities, are on one hand considered part of the historical and cultural heritage of the cities and their maintenance, physical improvement and functional rehabilitation seem unavoidable, and on the other hand, most of these areas may face erosion, and physical and functional collapse due to the passage of time and lack of proper attention and care. The main and primary measure to be taken is to come to an understanding of the physical and functional conditions of these regions so as to plan for and manage their conservation. The 20-hectare region of Malayer is such a region. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the features of the buildings, the condition of the available land-use, the economic and social characteristics, and the old buildings of Malayer. The findings show that the physical erosion and environmental pollution in the city center of Malayer (i.e. ruins and unpleasant landscapes of buildings and neighborhoods, poverty, illiteracy, and having a low level of civil culture, that emerge from inappropriate settlement of rural immigrants and low-income people in the city) result in the movement of high-income citizens from these regions to the suburb and replacing them with non-native social groups that will consequently result in an extra erosion or collapse of the buildings.

Human beings are in an ever-changing status. Studies done by well-known sociologists show that a society in which all people have the capacity to develop and get the most appropriate method to achieve this ever-changing status is able to develop. This aim can only be achieved when all women in a society as half of the society labor can have their own role in the development. Investigating the Constitution and other laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran which are derived from Imam Khomeini’s ideas shows that after the revolution some opportunities have been provided so that women can show their key role in the country’s ever-changing development and perform different educational, cultural and social, and economic activities, as well as their role in the family. Also, the obstacles to complete participation of women and the obstacles to their use of the advantages of development that are related to the hidden traditional socio-cultural factors are being removed with the passage of time and the women’s continuous activities. The present study investigates women’s educational and employment status as an important factor in progressing culture using field study and inferential analysis. Finally, the results and some suggestions are given.

This study aims to analyze statistically the strategies used to boost the qualitative and quantitative education in rural and deprived areas using SPSS. This study is part of another study with same title. Rural education is emphasized as an end in development in many countries especially the developing countries whose people inhabit mostly in rural areas. Iran is no exception. This study is a case study of rural areas in Semnan. To analyze the data, both descriptive and inferential data analysis are used. In the descriptive section, first a table of frequency and the percentage of the subjects, attitudes is given for each questionnaire, then the mean, mode, median and standard deviation for each question is estimated. Next bar graphs for the frequency percentage of the options of each question item are given. To test the hypotheses t-test is used.