مجله تاریخ ایران
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 61، تابستان 1388)

AbstractThis article discusses the political and commercial relations between Iran andSoviet Union and the role Abdol-Hossein Teimurtash - the Minister in the Courtof Reza Shah- did play in them. For that purpose, the article consults many pagesof the records of Special Royal Office of Reza Shah, US National Archive inMaryland and British Records of National Archive. These records discuss, in ahistorical process, the reasons behind the overthrow of Teimurtash in later yearsand present a new narration of the issue. The article’s main focus is on the role ofTeimurtash in establishing a political balance between Iran’s foreign relationswith UK, USSR and Germany. It also introduces those who opposed to him bothinside Iran and describes the effect of these oppositions in his fate.

The victory of Cyrus the Great over Astyags, the last Median king in 559 BC, led to the formation of Achaemenid kingdom. The conquest of some Eastern lands during the reign of Darius the Great and Egypt by Cambyses, helped the expanision of the Persian Empire from Sand River in the East to Mediterranean Sea and the Nile River in the West, and from Areal Sea in the North to the Persian Sea’s southern shores in the South. To administrate this vast empire Darius divided the Persian Empire to various Satrapies. Although after the conquest of India, Libya and Ethiopia by Darius the Great (in 517-518 BC) to the end of Persian Dynasty, no change took place in Persian boundaries,we witness a frequent change in The number of these Satrapies in the list of inscriptions. The number of Satrapies and the list of nations and the ethnical groups who have been ruled by Persians have been studied by scholars of Iranian Ancient history, but the political position of these Satrapies and their place in the Achaemenid inscriptions list as well as the reasons behinsd the changes in numbers of Satrapies has not been studied yet. However, by using historical researc methods (based on Darius the Great's inscriptions) and comparing them with other sources such as those of Greeks, this paper attempts to examine the political position of Achaemenids satrapies as the main research question. To answer this question, first, the inscriptions (in which the name of Satrapies has been listed) will be introduced and second, based on those lists, we will investigatethe number and the place of each Satrapy and also examine the grounds of political change in the position of Satrapies during the Persian Empire.

The Il-Khanid dynasty of the Mongol Empire captured Iran and took the powerafter a nearly 40 years of war, and ruled it for 80 years (1258-1335 C / 656-736A.H). Considering the military power and the vastness of the realm, it was one ofthe greatest governments in the history of Iran. However, it was also one of themost unstable of them, a battleground of domestic political crises. Therefore,because of these domestic crises, it faced its downfall while still in its apex ofsovereignty. A statistical study of the Il-Khanid’s sway over Iran reveals the threeinfluential elements in its instability and unexpected downfall: age of assumingthe crown, age of dying, and the duration of kingship. This article rests only onthe function of statistics in cliometrics.Keywords: Il.

Ibn khaldun’s introduction is undoubtedly replete with profound ideas and innovative andingenious outlooks. Howeve,r the attitudes and insights of those Moslems preceding himhave been given due heed in his analyses because Ibn khaldun’s Mogadammeh(Introduction) relied on facts. As a case in point, Ibn khaldun has praised Masoudi quiteextensively in this Mogadammeh, so far as to refer to his own work. As successive to andhence inspired by Masoudi’s. Nonetheless, the question is why Ibn khaldun has mentionedMasoudi, among other Moslem historians, as his quintessential model, and which ofMasoudi’s intellectual and professional attributes has given rise to his being chosen as amodel by Ibn khaldun. On the other hand, in some other case, Ibn khaldun has severelycriticized and even refuted Masoudi’s orientation. All in all, it might be said that it was thestructure of Morouj-o-al-zahab and praticulaurly Masoudi’s journies and its geographicaldiscussion- which by themselves had formed the foundation of his historical argumentationthatgave rise to Ibn khaldun’s infatuation by Masoudi. Ibn khaldun’s criticism of Masoudi,however, regards those issues that are thought to be beyond his knowledge of ‛omran.’ Apartfrom these two opposing views toward different Masoudi analytical approaches are takentoward the similar issues attended to by both authors. This difference of orientation is owingto the intricate composition of the Mogadammeh and Morouj-o-al-zahab, as well as thecontrast in their attitudes.

After the collapse of the Safavids Iran's political conditions encountered chaos, instabilityand insecurity. Under such conditions, European colonial powers such as Britain and Franceexpanded their influence in different regions of the Middle East and India. Local governmentsin India were involved in competition with them and British government could establishstrong government there. Under such circumstances, some of the famous Iranians - likedescendants of Mir Namatollah Jazayery, the highest rank clergy of safavid period - migrated to India. How was Iran’s condition at the time that forced such famous families to migrate to India and serve the British colonial aims? Among The important elements in this regard are:upheavals, economical confusions, domestic insecurity, drought, increasing poverty,tumultuous political system and economic disorders, the development and the growingsignificance of the Ports such as Basreh and Booshehr because of the presence of the British.Also the fact that India and ottoman in neighborhood of Iran became more stable andprosperous caused many Iranians who sought peace and prosperity to migrate. The main goal of this article is to study the conditions which led many Iranians to migrate to India and serve the British as the agents of colonial power. The descendants of Mir Nematollah Jazayery,Mehdi Ail khan Khorasani and Mirzā Abootaleb Khan were among the most important ofthese migrants who served the british.

Spice was considered a major agricultural product exported from the East to thewest before the Renaissance. However, with the extensive developments intechnical principles of production and increasing growth of European products andartifacts beyond Europe and increased demand of the west for different agriculturalproducts in the Renaissance, Eastern communities had no choice but to increasethe amount of agricultural products through changing subsistence farming tocommercial agriculture in order to provide cost of consumer goods imports anddifferent investment. The findings of this research indicate that Iran in Qajarperiod, especially after age of nassery, began the first stages of commercialagriculture and at the end of the period achieved significant success and adopted aLogical path in modernizing. But this direction changed out of the emergence ofother factors; so modernization process in Iran was diverted to another route.Keywords: Foreign Trade, Money out of the country, Agricultural Trade, Silk,Cotton, Rice, opium.

In the wake of the First World War, Iranian Government was forced by specific politicalconditions to regard centralization policy as its main objective. To achieve this end, thegovernment had to establish a set of new orgnizations, modernize military, bureaucratic,and educational institutions, and expand transportation networks. However, thisprogrammes cold only be materialized on the basis of reliable financial sources.Therfore, in pursuing the path of the centeralization, the Governmment gained thecontrol of economic resources and appeared as the country’s major economiccoordinator. The autocratic nature of political regime facilitated such an endeavour.The Governmment’s economic policy was, relatively speaking, successful so far as itattempted to obtain financial support. Yet, Iran’s dependence on the capitalist worldmarket and the vulnerability to its alterations inhibited the government from becomingthe sole economic decision maker. The process of industrialization during the reign ofReza Shah could be studied through the prism of the inter- relationship of these factors.