مجله پژوهش علوم انسانی
پیاپی 26 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

The objective of the present study was the comparison of rearing child styles in deaf girlsmothers and normal ones. Method of this study was of type Comparative-casual. subjects consist 26 the metor persons of deaf girls student mothers and 19 person of normal girl student mothers from Ardabil school that were selected. For data collection we used bamrend rearing child styles inventory. For analysis data used of the independent T test. Results showed that deaf and normal girls mothers scores mean in authoritative and authoritarian rearing styles was not significantly deferent whereas there is between two groups in permissive rearing style significantly deferent (p<0/05). Thus deaf girl's mothers use more of permissive rearing styles rather than normal girlsmothers.

Mathematics is one of the basic lessons in the world of education systems, as it entitled with "valid thinking method". General evaluation of this lesson and specify it's relation with learning theories indexes, provides direct path for instruction and learning. This study with rely on TIMSS results, intends survey the use of learning theories indexes in instruction process and its role in math application in Islamic nations that are equal in GNP. Research through effect of learning theories on math application is correlational.From Islamic countries selected Bosnia, Algeria, Tunisia, Iran and Jordan. Population consist all eighth grade students in 2007 in Islamic countries that from their based on three stage sampling. Information gathering tools consist of 17 questions about learning strategies by reliability of 0/83 and 88questions about math application. Required data derived from TIMSS and PIRLS website. From sight of constructivism theory usage, Jordanian students with average 3.17 have ranked in first and Iranian students with average of 2.77 have ranked last. In information processing theory, Jordanian students with average of 2.99 have ranked first and Bosnian students with average of 2.51have ranked last. In social-cognitive theory indices, Jordanian students with average of 3.16 have ranked first and Tunisian students with average of 2.69 have ranked last. In achieve math usage goals, Bosnian students with average 441.47, have ranked first and Algerian students with average 412 have ranked last. Multiple regression analysis results showed that learning theories with significant level explained math usage variance'. Also in all countries except Algeria, socialcognitive theory had significant factor in math usage.

In recent years Books of “let’s read “and “let’s write” have been developed, based on active and cooperative methods of constructivism theories for elementary schools in Iran. In the books the students are asked to accomplish several tasks and assignments by their own or in groups. It was important for curriculum designers to know instructors’ opinions about the problems facing the performance of these assignments. So, it is determined as the main purpose of the study. Data were created by using a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was turned out as acceptable by adopting Cronbach alpha coefficient. 115 instructors were randomly chosen from Shirvan- Chardavol Township as sample. Findings showed that hindering factors could be classified into 13 factors from which three ones were of importance including: lack of source and budget، lack of an effective support system and lack of sufficient cooperation and awareness of parents.

This study investigated the extent and type of studentsuse of Internet. The research Population includes of the Bu Ali Sina University, all students in school year 88-87, which make up 583 of them to the stratified proportional sampling were selected. Data collection tool is the questionnaire. Descriptive analysis for the expression of the relationship between non-parametric variables and chi-square test for two-variable design was used. The results of the analysis showed: 1) between students using the Internet and sex are related. 2) between using the Internet as a means of Entertainment and student sex relationship does not exist. 3) between the use of the Internet as a means of education and gender relations students are men and women over the Internet as a teaching tool, they took advantage. 4) between using the Internet as a means of communication and gender relations are students and the results showed more men than women were using Internet communication tools. 5) between using the Internet as a research tool, and there is a relationship between student gender and the results indicate increasing use of women compared with men in Internet research tool has been. 6) between Internet use and the course the students are related 7) between using the Internet as a means of entertainment and related course students are undergraduate students and other courses over the Internet for entertainment use 8) between using the Internet as a means of training and academic courses are related students and students from other MA courses over the Internet as an educational tool have benefited.

The main purpose of this research is the study of facilitator and restricting factor of educational coefficient coverage of Hamedan province. the reserch method is integrated one.Statistical population are all managers,educational level responsible experts,school principals, reapeatator students and non educated person in different level of school age.using simple random sampling method about 6managers,21 educational level responsible experts,384 principals, 50 repeatators student and 50 non educated persons in different level of school age selected as statistical sample. the meseaurment instrumnt the researcher made questionnaire and interview.Validity and reliability of instrument computed Using content validity and alpha cronbach method and alpha is about.0 /94.Statistical method are independent T test and one way anova.the most important resaerch findings are: 1- The rate of academic coverage coefficien of advantages regions is more than semi and dis advantages regions. 2- The rate of boys academic coverage coefficient is more than girls. 3- secondary school rate of academic coverage coefficien is less than guidance school and in turn it is less than primary level. 4- The formal rate of academic coverage in rural school is less than urban school. 5- From four factors,cultural factors have play more role and individual factors have play less role in facilitaating and restricting of academic coverage. 6- There isnt any significance different between view point of managers and principals, urban and rural school principals and view point of girls and boys school principals about the rate of the effect of four factor.but there is significance different between view point of managers and principals of different regions about the rate of the effect of four factor.

The aim of the present study is the comparison of hope and humor between athletic and non-athletic students. The method of the present research is cause-comparative and subjects of research are students 120 (girl student 60؛ athletic 30 and non-athletic 30 and boy student 60؛ athletic 30 and non-athletic 30) the University of Mohaghegh Ardabilithat selected by available sampling. For data collection we used the Snyder hope scale and Torsen humor scale. For analyzing data have used multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and LSD as post hoc test. The results of this research indicate significant difference between two groups of athletic and two groups of non-athletic students in terms of hope (p<0/05), results suggested that significant difference between boyathletics and boy non-athletics in terms humor (p<0/05), while there were no signification differences between boy athletics and girl athletic & non-athletics in term humor. In addition, there is significant difference between girl athletics and two groups of non-athletic (p<0/05)

The aim of this study was to determine the status manager’s job satisfaction of primary schools in Hamadan city. The research method was Descriptive, and Statistical population is all of primary schools executives in Hamadan city 169 of them through selected as a relatively simple random sampling and data collection done through the Wysocki and G.Kromm’s questionnaire. For data analysis we used descriptive statistics method and T test and ANOVA. The results showed that managersjob satisfaction of primary schools in Hamadan relatively favorable. The results is of job satisfaction showed that the average of satisfaction the nature of work, satisfaction with colleagues and supervisor were more intermediate level, but the average satisfaction with promotion opportunities and salary less than intermediate level. The findings also indicate, differences are that job satisfaction between in terms of gender and age’s managers, But it was not different in terms of education levels and duration of service.

In courses of information technology and connections that have intended and developed, educational organization see some environment where become active and challenger daily. Schools with traditional structures and inflammable environment class, administrative system and school management and ways of teacher's previous educational systems aren’t able to survive especially in these environments and in today world they should change their structures or they equip them self with systems for adaptation whit changes present researches compared comparison goal of environmental, implementation, hardware, software in smart schools and board of trustees in high schools courses in Hamedan province from students, managers and teachers prospect and used descriptive system. All student during education, teachers and managers in high schools and board of trustees in smart school in Hamedan province established a stud able society on 1388-89 and it included 25 of board of trustees schools, with 7935 girl and boy students and 969 managers and teachers and 9 smart intelligence and totally is 2607 boy and girl students and 410 managers and teachers. Statistical sample has been selected via classified and comparatively samples and using jersey and Morgan chart and base on this about 214 managers and 335 teachers from smart schools and 276 managers and teachers 366 students from board of trustees have been selected and offer, implementation and collection of questionnaire and elemi notion of manipulated questionnaire, they established 214 managers and teachers, 302 students of smart school and 276 managers and teachers and 362 students of board of trustees. Collection tools of information in this research is included 3 questionnaires of answer for students and teachers and manager and it has been adjusted in (Scarcelyintermediate- mach- very mach). A content of questionnaire is included: Publishes of environmental factors (space, building, classes, yard, position) and publishes of, implementation factor (teachers function, manager function) publishes of hardware factors (facilitation and equipment, computer class, laboratory) and publishes of software (lesson programs, content, ways of teaching and assessment). After approval of contents of questionnaire by guide professor and counselor on educational content, they distribute between groups of them including 30 managers and teachers and 30 students and they achieve them via keronbakh alpha formula for questionnaires of %92 managers of teachers and %93 of students and this result shows port of questionnaire. Results show there are some differences between environmental factors position, implementation, software and hardware smart schools and schools of board of trustees and among 4 factors teachers, managers and student had better assessment rather than board of trustee's schools. Also among ideas of managers, teacher and student about these factors in smart schools, achieved a important different.

The main objective of the present research is to determine the relation between mental health and job burn- out of intermediate school teachers of Hamedan province.The methodology is of descriptive – correlation type.In this research 400 teachers of intermediate schools of statistical population 1415, are selected in stratified – random sampling. For gathering data, the researcher used the revised 90- item list of scl. 90- R mental symptom, and 22- item question aire Maslach burn – out inventory. The findings regarding teacher's mental health indicate that 66% of teachers enjoy a proper mental health, and 31.5% are remarkable and 2.5% have serious problems.Concering the rate of job burn – out 31.2% suffered from lack of personal accomplishment, 20.4% from depersonalisation, and 9.9% from emotional exhaustion at a moderate and high level. Also, the findings show that, those teachers who suffered from job burnout similarly had a low mental health level.Regarding the results, one can say that just depression variables and psychosis manners have independent correlation with job burn- out variable. one the other hand,the depression variable with B coefficient have been the best predictor of job burn- out.

Its purpose consists of general purpose and 5 detailed determining rate of involvement culture dominant path of them, determine rate of adaptability culture at both of them determining the rate of consistency culture at these universities determining the rate of mission culture dominant these universities. Expressing process for organizational improvement culture at both universities. The way of research is a determined dimensional kind and is a processing scrutinizes. It follows with 5 hypotheses about expressed purposes. social statistical researching consists of all official masters at both of them which contain 441 persons example volume expected 205 persons with Cochran formula statistical examples with random course chose 104 persons from Azad university and 101 persons from medical university collected formulation tool was questionnaire province Denison 2000 final was a test which their coefficient Cronbach same as 0.88 and precise with SPSS software it has done with independent variances t one side group with SPSS software. The results show the rate of adaptation culture, consistency culture, mission culture at both universities which are different but involvement culture there hasnt any meaning different statistical at these universities.

In the knowledge-based societies, the knowledge is considered as the main source for implementing the tasks of organizations. Dynamicity of organizations, culture, technology, operations, systems and all of the existing procedures are based on the research knowledge. The management of this knowledge, that is composed of two importantelements i.e. knowledge-based management and management-based research, is manifested in the learning organizations. The learning organizations are the phenomena that were posed since 1990s. The conditions, theories, changes in the organizational environment were the causes for the emergence of such organizations before the mentioned decade. So that, all the organizations tried to survive their existence. Inorder to keep safe their position in the turbulent environment around, they should leave their static formats, and go towards the learning organization. In the other words, they should make the deep changes in their structure and foundation. Learning organization refers to skills and abilities of organizations to create, acquire and transfer the knowledgeand to modify the behavior in order to reflect new knowledge and insights. In this paper, the relationship between management, knowledge and research and the role of these three learning organizations are mentioned. The hierarchy and types of knowledge needed in such organizations will be scrutinized. Finally, a systematic pattern will be resented for the management of research knowledge.

This research investigates girls’ runaway in Hamadan city. The purpose of this research is understanding personality characters and background factors which are associated with the escape from home in girls in the city of Hamden.50girls (in the State Welfare Organization and the Center for Combating corruption whom were chosen by convenience sampling and50 ordinary girls from high school students in Hamadan whom were chosen by simple random sampling asked demographic and SCL90 questionnaires. Data were analyzed by discriminate analysis.All variables except for parental educational style and age, predict volatile girls. "Special value", is 128/537). Wilks Lambda overall rate is also significant (d.f=19 = 430/461 p= 0/0005 WilksLambda= 0/008).

The main aim of this research the study of the rate of emphasis paid to critical thinking skills in high school social study text books. Research method is a mixed one (qualitative & quantitative) based on content analysis. The research has two statistical populations contain whole part of high school social study text books and all social study theachers in the Marivan and Sarvabad city in the Iranian province of Kurdistan. The statistical sample number is equal with population. The instruments used to gather relevant data consist of a researcher made checklist upen based on Mathew Lipman critical thinking component. Data were analyzed using the descriptive statistical indices and inferential statistics such as t tests.The most important findings are: In total social study text books(intended curriculum) have high emphasis on critical thinking skills (67.7 percent). The content of social study text books (intended curriculum) have very highly emphasis on fostering questioning and analysis skills and high emphasis on fostering assessment of evidence, collectivism and rationality skills and medium emphasis on fostering reasoning, interpertation, correct judgment and explicitness skills.

Kant is founder of critical thinking in the modern age; but the basis oظthis kind of thinking has been prepared before him in the philosophies of Descartes, Spinoza, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. In “Rules for the Direction of the Mind”, Descartes says that the borders of subject’sabilities should be known to strengthen the basis of knowledge and this is the beginning of critical approach in modern epistemology. Kant is not going to investigate issues like other philosophers; his investigation is about how we recognize the issues. He examines the means of knowledge in order to find out what it can do as well as knowing that his judgments in which domain and border are right. He modestly describes his philosophy as follows: Thus there is no doubt that the greatest and may be the only role of Pure Reason philosophy is negative; Because it isn’t means for adding to knowledge, but it is a doctrine for determining the borders. Its duty is not to discover the truth, but the only modest feature of it is to impede making errors. Therefore, when Kant says that Hume has awakened me up from dogmatic sleep; he means that Hume has induced him to critique of mind and evaluation of human knowledge. This is the meaning of critical philosophy compared to dogmatic philosophy. Kant’s thinking prevents us from selfcontradiction which we greatly experience because of mental and epistemological confusions; Since he shows us the border of knowledge and also the power of understanding in self evaluation and by doing his Copernican Revolution as well as the idea that in the process of knowledge our mind do form object and not vice versa, he succeeds to show priority forms of mind, by the means of doing this he shows that reason cannot go beyond a specific limitation without getting into raving or resulting making unresolved contradictory remarks.