مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بابل
سال سیزدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 63، آبان 1390)

Klebsiella pneumoniae is one of the most important agents of nosocomial infections and drug resistance. Integrons are genetic elements that carry genetic determinants for antimicrobial drug resistance. The role of class I integron genes is very important to transfer of antibiotic resistance. The aim of the present study is isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae from the environment and equipments in intensive care unit (ICU), investigation of class I integron genes in these strains and determine their susceptibility or resistance to antibiotics.

The descriptive and analytical study was carried out on 30 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolatesd from ICU of Shahid Beheshti hospital in Babol, Iran in 2010. Sampling of environment and equipments in ICU was carried out. After isolation and extraction of DNA, class I integron gene was investigated by PCR and specific primers. Also for the sensitivity test to antibiotics of Ciprofloxacin, Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftizoxime, Cefotaxime, Amikacin, Ofloxazin, Imipenem, Cefepim, Ticarcilin and Gentamicin was performed by disk diffusion method.

From 30 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates, 36.6 percent (11 samples) have had class I integron gene. After sensitivity test, from 9 of the 26 resistant isolates to Cefazolin, 10 of 25 resistant isolates to Ceftriaxone, 11 of 27 resistant isolates to Ceftizoxime, Cefotaxime and Cefepim, 9 of 18 resistant isolates to Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem, 11 of 26 resistant isolates to Ticarcilin, 5 of 17 resistant isolates to Ofloxazin, 5 of 11 resistant isolates to Amikacin and 8 of 26 resistant isolates to Gentamicin had class I integron gene.

The results of this study show contamination of environment and equipments in ICU was increased. The class I integron gene frequency in these strains is high; that can have important and basic role in occurrence and transfer of antibiotic resistance. The antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae, isolated from the environment and ICU equipments, is very high; that it can be due to the irregular use of antibiotics. Measures should be thought to prevent occurrence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance elements.

Genistein is a soya phytoestrogen having estrogenic effects. Phytoestrogen has been introduced as one of the elements of unproductively in some animals, but previous studies on genistein role in male reproductive system have shown contradictory results. Since no similar study has taken place in Iran, the present study has been designed for evaluation of genistein effects on male reproductive system.

In this experimental study, 30 male rats with 13 weeks of age and limited weight of 220 to 250 grams were selected. They were divided into six groups of 5, and different genistein doses (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg/kg) were injected subcutaneously on 14 consecutive days to male rats. After 24 hours animal were killed and then their blood testosterone, FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), and (LH Luteinizing hormone) were measured via ELAISA method. Sperm count and viability were measured through WHO protocols.

There was a significant reduction in FSH plasma levels among groups that were injected low doses of genistein while by increasing the genistein dose the inhibitory effect of reducing became slower (p<0.05). There were not any significant differences between other indicators.

Based on our findings, genistein has an effect on FSH level of plasma and the functioning of male reproductive system.

HELLP syndrome is a serious presentation of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia during pregnancy and its diagnosis is difficult because of lack of specific features. This syndrome is associated with prenatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes of HELLP syndrome with preeclampsia in Yahyanejad hospital (Babol, Iran) in the past ten years.

This cross-sectional study was performed on all patients with pre-eclampcia/eclampcia who were hospitalized in Yahyanejad hospital during 10 years. Primary data, clinical and laboratory data, prenatal and maternal complications included (cesarean section, placental abruption, need to blood transfusion, liver hematoma, pulmonary edema, acute renal failure, DIC, brain hematoma and infection, intra-abdominal hemorrhage, ARDS and maternal mortality) and neonatal complications included (preterm neonates, IUGR, NICU admission and neonate mortality) were compared.

In this study, from 445 patients who were evaluated, 361 patients (81.3%) with mild preeclampsia, 83 patients (18.7%) with severe pre eclampsia and 1 (%0.2) with eclampsia were hospitalized in primary diagnosis, that 12 patients (2.7%) had HELLP syndrome symptoms. Cases of placental abruption, liver hematoma, pulmonary edema, need to blood transfusion, acute renal failure, DIC and maternal mortality in patients with HELLP syndrome was significant in compared to preeclampsia (p<0.05). Neonatal complications included preterm neonates, IUGR, NICU admission in patients with HELLP syndrome were significant in compared to preeclampsia (p<0.05). Also no case of brain hemorrhage and infection, ARDS, intra-abdominal hemorrhage, IUFD and neonatal mortality was reported.

According to the results of this study, maternal and fetal complications in patients with HELLP syndrome can be prevented and this could be result of early diagnosis and appropriate management.

Cloning is one of the achievements in the field of experimental science in contemporary time, which is associated with many questions, serious challenges and sensitivity for experts, jurists, and ethics scholars that each of them has adopted different positions against it. The aim of this study was to survey the cloning from the perspective of theology and jurisprudence.

In this study, research on religious texts, book and tradition and also jurist's votes and statements is the base of this study from the perspective of theology and jurisprudence in cloning sciences. In any jurisprudential debate, its related texts are considered as a document.

Cloning is not manipulation in the creation system and can not destroy the distinctions. Such individuals have dignity, worth and honor, and familial, environmental and educational factors can be effective in their personality structure. Cloning cannot be a factor to cancel a marriage and in many cases, parent's provision for cloned individuals is applicable. Ambiguity in the issue of inheritance is also resolvable. In the context of the Holy Quran, we cannot find a compulsory commandment that natural reproduction is the only way for human beings to procreate and also there is no commandment for prohibition of cloning.

While there is no strong reason to prohibit the cloning, it cannot be adjudged decisively about prohibition of cloning and it needs further investigation and discussion.