نشریه علوم دامی (پژوهش و سازندگی)
پیاپی 83 (تابستان 1388)

The experiment was conducted to determine amino acid digestibility contents of the soybean meal، sunflower meal and canola meal by adult cockerels (44 birds with 50 weeks age) in completely randomized design (4 replicates for each treatment). The results of experiment showed that amino acid digestibility of oil seeds byproduct from different Iranian oil extract factories had significantly differences. Average digestibility amino acids of soybean meal، canola meal and sunflower meal were 83. 89، 87. 46 and 85. 27، 87. 12 and 77. 17 and 84. 66 percent respectively. Means values of apparent digestibility for lysine، methionine، cisteine and argenin content of soybean، canola and sunflower meals were 91. 52، 77. 43، 83. 01، and 90. 67، 86. 12، 90. 45، 77. 38، 86. 12 and 77. 54، 85. 98، 75. 53، 75. 11 percents، and true digestibility’s were 93. 26، 79. 76، 87. 62، 93. 19، 87. 97، 91. 96، 79. 26، 88. 10 and 86. 45، 52. 42، 85. 90، 80. 72 percent. This experiment confirm that apparent and true digestibility’s amino acids of oil seed meals as soybean، canola and sunflower meals and nutritive value had influence or impress of industrial produce and many factories (varieties، soil and etc). Therefore، for improve performance of birds and in order obtain nutrients requirement and also for prevent of environment infection too، we suggested that use of amino acid digestibility replaced to total amino acid content of feedstuffs.

In this experiment، the metabolizable energy (ME) value of Mung bean seed waste was determined by a precision-fed procedure according to the bioassay methods of Sibbald (1976). In the performance experiment a completely randomized design was conducted to investigation the effects of different levels of Mung bean seed waste seed on the broiler performance. Three hundred and twenty one-day old male Ross strain (308) broilers were used with 4 treatments include: 0، 10، 20 and 30% of Mung bean seed waste and 4 replicates with 20 broilers per replicate for 42 day. The results of performance experiment showed that inclusion of 20 and 30% of Mung bean seed waste significantly (p<0. 01) improved feed intake and body weight gains compare with the control diet. However، inclusion of different levels of Mung bean seed waste had no significant effect (p>0. 05) on feed conversion ratio، mortality، carcass weight relative and components them (except relative weight gizzard). In conclusion، the best broilers performance was obtained with 20% Vigna radiata seed waste.

This study was carried out with the objective of determination of the optimal digestible lysine level in starter period (1 to18 days old) based on the performance، blood parameters and immune response in Arian male and female broilers by feeding diets formulating on digestible amino acids basis. A total of 240 male and female chicks were used with initial weight of 44 ± 1 g. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design، using six treatments and four replecations، with 5 chicks each. Chickens were kept in thermostatically controlled batteries. The experimental treatments consisted of a lysine-deficient basal diet that was supplement with L-lysine HCl in order to contain six digestible lysine levels (0. 68، 0. 8، 0. 92، 1. 04، 1. 16 and 1. 28 %). Diets were isoenergetic، isonitrogenous and equal in electrolyte balance (Na + K + CL–). All diets met an ideal amino acid ratio recommended Illinois university for all other amino acids. Feed and water supplied for ad libitum consumption and a 24-h constant light schedule was mainted. In this phase، there was a significant effect of digestible lysine levels on body weight، feed intake، feed conversion ratio، blood parameters and immunity. Increase of digestible lysine level to 1. 28 % resulted in: maximum body weight (490. 60 and 426. 02 gr.)، plasma lysine level (160 and 140 ηmol/ml) for male and female respectively، and immune response، minimum feed conversion ratio (1. 20 and 1. 41 for male and female respectively). As digestible lysine level increased in diet، total count of white blood cell significantly increased in both sexes. Changes in number of all kind of WBC (heterophyle، Lymphocyte and monocyte) followed of that profile (were like changes in WBC count or were similar). There was the best of plasma albumin level and carcass N deposition in 1. 16 % and 1. 04 % of digestible lysine diet level for male and female respectively. As a result in order to minimize of disease incidence and performance improvement، 1. 28% digestible lysine as optimum level in diet can be suggested. Therefore requirement for optimum immunity is higher than performance.

Genetic parameters of body weight using random regression model were estimated using 22881 live body weight test day records collected on 6599 lambs during 1990 to 2007 at the rearing and Kurdi sheep breeding station in Shirvan. The model was included fixed effects (year of birth، sex of lamb، birth type of lamb and age of dam) and random effects direct additive genetic، maternal additive genetic، permanent environmental and residual. Random regression models were fitted with order 2 to 6 for direct additive genetic، maternal additive genetic and permanent environmental effects. Results indicated that the 6th order was more appropriate than others. The values of direct heritability with this model for lamb body weight at birth، 2، 3، 4، 5، 6، 7، 8، 9، 10، 11 and 12 months of age were estimated as 0. 06، 0. 27، 0. 31، 0. 35، 0. 35، 0. 33، 0. 30، 0. 28، 0. 27، 0. 28، 0. 29 and 0. 28 respectively. The values of maternal heritability with this model were estimated as 0. 24، 0. 03، 0. 06، 0. 09، 0. 10، 0. 12، 0. 13، 0. 12، 0. 11، 0. 10، 0. 10 and 0. 08 respectively. The proportion of permanent environmental variance to phenotypic variance was increased from 0. 05 for birth weight to 0. 69 for body weight at 2 months of age، up to 5 months of age reduced and then increased with increasing age of lamb. Direct and maternal genetic correlations between body weights at different ages were positive and ranged from 0. 16 to 0. 99 and 0. 25 to 1. 00، respectively، at closer ages were higher and decreased with increasing intervals age. In general the results obtained in this study suggested that lamb body weight were influenced by different factors (direct and maternal additive genetic and permanent environment)، and due to various estimated heritability for lamb body weight from birth to 12 months of age، it could be concluded that some different genes might be affect lamb body weight at birth to 12 months of age.

This study was carried out to evaluate the genetic polymorphism in GDF9 gene and its association with twining in Baluchi sheep. Blood samples were taken from 152 individuals and genomic DNA was extracted using modified salting out method. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of extracted DNA was evaluated by spectrophotometric and gel electrophoresis method. Using a pairs of specific primers a DNA fragment with the size of 462 bp was amplified from exon 1 of GDF9 gene using polymerize chain reaction (PCR). The resulted PCR products were digested with HhaI restriction enzyme and the results showed a mutation at GDF9 locus in Baluchi sheep. The wild type allele (G+) with two restriction site resulted DNA fragments with the sizes 156، 52 and 254 bp while the mutant allele (G-) with one restriction site resulted two DNA fragments with the sizes of 52 and 410 bp. In heterozygous animals four DNA fragments with the sizes 52، 156، 254 and 410 bp were detected. The allelic frequency for G (+) and G (-) was estimated 0. 84 and 0. 16% and the frequency of genotypes G (+/+)، G (+/-) and G (-/-) were calculated 71، 26 and 3%، respectively. The observed، expected and average heterozygosity were calculated 0. 2697، 0. 2688 and 0. 2688، respectively. The χ2 test showed that the examined population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at GDF9 locus (P<0. 005). The resulted of statistical data analysis for the effect of genotype on litter size was significant، since the ewes with heterozygote genotype had the highest mean litter size compared to the other two genotypes (P<0. 05). Thus، the litter size in sheep is low heritable، expressed only in females and did not manifest in early life، therefore، access to genetic markers can be used as an efficient and suitable tools in selection programs.

Salting and drying of fish are the oldest techniques know to man for the conservation of fish. These methods are used in different region of north and south parts of Iran. Physicochemical composition and organoleptic properties of fish changes during salting process. The aim of this investigation is comparison of physicochemical and organoleptic properties of processed fish and also using of different type of fish (whole and gutted fish) in during different stages of processing. Gutted fish (n=14) and whole fish (n=10) were salted heavily in two groups for 10 days at 4°C temperature and then they stored at 18±2°C temperature for one month for ripening and drying. Comparing the physicochemical analysis on raw and processed fish showed that salt amount in salted and dried carp of gutted and whole increased 28. 61 and 25. 92 g/100g dry matter respectively and moisture amount decreased 23. 5 and 19. 89 g/100g dry matter after three months. Protein content of raw fish decreased from 18. 16 to 6/9. 66 g/100g dry matter in salting stage and then increased other stages which observed this change in pH. Fat of raw fish had not significantly different during three months. TVBN and TBA increased with increasing of processing time، but TBA content decreased after two months (P<0. 05). Comparing of salt، moisture and protein contents in gutted and whole fish were indicated significant changes in storage stage، but no difference were observed fat content. Also، pH، TVBN and TBA contents was indicated significantly different except salting stage. Gutted fish has showed better organoleptic properties in comparison with whole fish.

Two experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of levels and time of using canola meal and different levels of carbohydrase enzyme on broiler performance. First experiment was conducted under a 3 × 3 factorial experiment with control group (10 treatments) in a completely randomized design (CRD) to determine the effects of three levels of canola meal (5، 10 and 15%) and three times of its using in diets (SGF، GF and F) on broiler performance and thyroid hormones levels. In this experiment، using of upper levels of canola meal decreased body weight، but its effect on feed intake and feed to gain ratio was not significant. The effect of time of using canola meal on body weight and feed to gain ratio was very significant، thus using of canola meal in finisher period in comparison with other two periods (Total period، grower and finisher period) improved body weight and feed to gain ratio، whereas its effect on feed intake was not significant. The 5% level of canola meal (in comparison with other levels) and using of canola meal in finisher period (in comparison with other periods) resulted in higher production number. Diet cost unaffected by canola meal، but using of canola meal in finisher period decreased diet cost، that its different with total period was significant. Thyroid hormones levels were unaffected with any effects of factors. Therefore، it was concluded that using of 5% canola meal in finisher diet resulted in the best performance and economical parameters. The second experiment was conducted under a 4 × 4 factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) to determine the effects of 4 levels of canola meal (10، 14، 18 and 22%) and 3 levels of Endofeed DC enzyme (0، 125 and 250 ppm) on broiler performance and levels of thyroid hormones. In this experiment، feed intake and body weight gain were significantly increased by using canola meal، but feed to gain ratio was unaffected by the canola meal levels. The use of enzyme had no effect on feed intake، whereas weight gain and feed to gain ratio were improved by adding enzyme. Production number was improved by using canola meal، but it was not improved by using enzyme. Levels of thyroid hormones were not affected by any effects of factors. Diet cost was significantly decreased by feeding canola meal. Therefore، it was concluded that 18% canola meal and without carbohydrase enzyme may be incorporated in broiler diet for maximum performance and minimum cost. These results suggested that for reducing the effects of canola’s anti-nutrients on performance and using of higher levels of canola maeal، it should be used after starter period.

This experiment was undertaken to investigate the possibility of using of nettle extract and propionic acid as alternative to antibiotics in broilers diets. In a completely randomized design، three hundreds and twenty unsexed 1-d-old chicks were divided into four groups. Dietary treatments were consisted of: 1-control diet without any supplement، 2- the control diet + 1 g/kg flavomycin، 3- the control diet + 1 g/kg nettle extract، 4- the control diet + 2 g/kg propionic acid. Body weight gain، feed intake، and feed efficiency were measured every 2 weeks. At the end of the experiment، one male chicken of each experimental unit was randomly selected and 2 ml blood sample was collected from its wing vein. Finally، these samples were analyzed for determination of glucose، uric acid، cholesterol، and hematocrit. Although، there were no significant differences for blood parameters among the treatments، propionic acid and flavomycin treatments had better body weight and feed conversion ratio than other treatments. Based on the results of this experiment، propionic acid can be used as a suitable alternative to antibiotics in broiler chickens nutrition.

An experiment was condacted to study the effect of differnt levels of raw navy bean waste seeds (0،100، 200 and 300g/kg) or cull bean in broiler chick (0 to 42 d of age) diets on performance. Data were analyzed Completely Randomized Design (CRD). One tube- feeding experiment basis in biology Sibbald method (four cockerel/treatment) for determination metabolizable energy and nitrogen digestiblity in cockerels and one growth experiment were designed for detrmine the effects of using different levels of waste common beans (navy bean waste seeds) on broiler performance with three handereds and twenty day old male chicks from Ross 308 strain (four treatments with four replication and 20 observation in each replication). Results of tube- feeding showed that apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) was 1954 Kcal/Kg and percent nitrogen digestibility (86. 62)، the experimental diet were fed for aperiod of 42 days. The resalts of growth expriment showed that 30 and 10% navy bean diets significantly (p<0. 05) increased feed intake compard to control diet. There were no significant differrnces (p>0. 01) in over all live weight gain between 10 and 20% navy bean diets compared to control diet. The result of expriment showed that best performance was obtaind in group contain 10% navy bean seed waste.

Markhoz goat’s mohair is famous and this animal adapted with pasturage and planted with trees and leaves of Acorn. Due to the Markhoz goat herd’s numbers in Kurdistan province and the importance of this animal in that region’s economy، present study compare total factor productivity of 36 Markhoz goat herds during 2006-2007 growth period. Gained output in mentioned period include Milk، mohair، herd’s total weight increase and consumed inputs include labour، concentrate، Injections and Pasture. Requested data sets were obtained through questionnaires and interviewing by herds owners. According to research findings labour input had the maximum cost share at mean. On the other hand in investigated period mohair had the maximum revenue share in studied herds. Maximum Total Factor Productivity among investigated herds equals 1. 723. Comparing the results for Partial productivity of labour revealed that there was great difference between maximum and mean quantity of this input. Hence، by optimum using of labour input and increasing investments in production units for applying capital intensive technology، the productivity of labour input can increase in production process.

This research was carried out in order to evaluate of performance and management status of industrial broiler farms in Ilam province. 45 farms were chosen according to the probability stratified random sampling method. Information of feeding management، performance and yield of each selected farms were collected by a questionnaire، then samples were taken from the starter and grower diets. The results indicated that، average of chemical composition of feed on the 0–30 days (starter) including percent of DM، CP، EE، CF، STR، SUG، Ash، Ca and P were 90. 72، 22. 06، 2. 65، 4. 28، 41. 06، 2. 95، 707، 1. 11 and 0. 49 % and on 31 up to end (grower) were 90. 85، 19. 58، 2. 53، 4. 11، 39. 93، 2. 71، 6. 62، 1. 08 and 0. 51% respectively. The Average of metabolizable energy value estimated in starter and grower diets were 2712. 87 and 2568. 73 kcal/kg respectively، that were significantly lower (p<0. 01) than the recommendation of NRC (1994). The results also showed that metabolizable energy to crude protein ratio in different diets (starter 124. 31 and grower 133. 81) were lower than the standard NRC (1994). The differences of crude protein in starter diets were significant (p<0. 01) with NRC (1994) but no significant differences observed in grower diets. Means of feed conversion ratio in studied farms during the experiment was 2. 41 that was higher than the standard for broilers. Mortality rate and live weight were 8. 21 % and 2. 25 kg respectively. As a whole in order to reform of poultry production in Ilam province many efforts will be suggested to upgrade technical knowledge of the owner، reduce duration of poultry production، thus recommended that rations should be formulated by experts.