فصلنامه اخلاق در علوم و فناوری
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 16، تابستان 1390)

The research studies considering differences between men and women, in west differ from its similar ones in countries with longer cultural background such as Iran. The main objective in Europe and America is to find and use sex differences for promotion of the country’s political, cultural, and economic System –considering their claim for gender equality.On the other hand, in Iran, gender differences is used for justifying perceived inequality in political, cultural, and economic subjects, -holding moral belief in establishing gender justice in the society.With a review of research studies in areas concerning gender differences and their effects on ethics in the west, it was shown that most studies are in one of four eatagories namely, “moral development”, “ethical values”, “ethical sensitivity”, and “ethical behavior”.A research study was conducted in Tehran by the Women Studies Faculty in Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, (IHCS) to evaluate and compare the ethical needs of men and women and show the difference in their choices. Besides evaluating men and women’s ethical priorities, in this study, the social background for emerging the needs have also been considered. The study used interview and questionnaire to ask 2800 men and women distributed in Tehran about their priorities (sample population). The study confirms the hypotheses that women mostly choose “needs” related to ethical and moral subjects while men’s choices are mainly physical. Social factors such as employment have direct effect on the choices, and the satisfaction mode. Sex differences in need’s selection and priorities for the optimized benefit from the diversities, should be considered in country’s national programs and the macro social projects particularly the ones related to women.

Ethic and spirituality are the important research topics for workplaces. These phenomena are the effective principle factors for human behaviors. For this, the main purpose of this research was the study of the relationship between spirituality with individuals’ loyalty in workplace. Research is a correlational study and statistical population were the personnel of the administrations and organizations which related to a ministry in spring of 2000. Among them, 300 personnel were selected with the use of simple random sampling. Research instruments were: the spirituality questionnaire with 58 items and eleven subscales and loyalty with 7 items. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. Results reveals that, eleven subscales of spirituality have significant relations with loyalty. But there are negative significant relations between neglection from development and elevation and blocks of spirituality with loyalty. The results of stepwise regression showed that there are significant relations between loyalty with religious and spiritual values with 29 percent variance explained of loyalty in first step, religious and spiritual values along with responsibility for personal development with 36.2 percent variance explained of loyalty in second step, religious and spiritual values, responsibility in personal development and positive work unit values with 40.6 percent variance explained of loyalty in third step respectively. The evidences of this research showed that, the most effective and important dimensions of spirituality for loyalty are the religious and spiritual values, responsibility in personal development and positive work unit values respectively. Therefore the above dimensions should be reinforced for increasing loyalty.

Ethical culture and Quality of Work Life (QWL) are two intertwined work environment factors of organizations. Ethics raises our awareness in our acts, and also can increase our consciousness about our reciprocal obligations in the society. The objective of this research is to monitor relationships between different forms of ethical culture institutionalization and quality of work life and to direct the attention of the organizations management toward this topic, so in this research, it is attempted to investigate the association between explicit and implicit forms of ethical culture institutionalization and quality of work life in Health Organization Management of Qom province.

For this, it has been used descriptive – correlation method and the data has been collected by questionnaire. Moreover, Data has been obtained from employees of Health Organization Management in Qom province that were selected by random sampling.

According to the result, it has been showed that there is meaningful relationship between institutionalization of ethical culture and quality of work life. Between ethical culture dimensions, in addition, implicit institutionalization has meaningful impact on quality of work life too.

According to the findings of the research, organizational managers should emphasize on institutionalization of ethical culture (implicit form and explicit form) and specially make more effort on reinforcement of the implicit dimension of institutionalization.

Although citizenship behavior as a new topic in organizational behavior, contains behaviors that are or are not moral, but it`s scales may show that morality influence citizenship behavior. Then this research aim survey of the relationship between citizenship behavior and work morality. This research is an applied research. It’s approach was survey and it’s data gathering tool is interview and questionnaire. Research population encompasses Yazd university employees in 1388. Sample size is 102 selected randomly. Results show three dimensions for citizenship behavior and eight dimensions for work morality. Regression model indicate that law orientation was the most important dimension of work morality that influence on citizenship behavior. The research results could be used in planning for citizenship behavior specifications in organization through morality reinforcement. To this, There should be some filters based on morality in recruitment.

One of the crucial factors affecting success of organizations is ethical behavior of employees. An optimal functioning of market rules is in turn determined by the quality of the sociological environment, by its cultural and moral values. Lack of ethics is a critical obstacle to the success of transactions.This research aims to explain and clarify the inter-relationships and the interaction effects among business ethics and other relevant factors such as customer‘s satisfaction and loyalty in private-banking industry. We developed a model of ethical behavior in private-banking industry based on the outcomes of previous researches and semi-structured interviews with experts in banking services. To examine the model a descriptive survey was applied. The survey sample population consisted of 395 randomly taken private-banking service users and private-banking employees in the city of Tehran, according to a cluster random sampling skim. An important part of the results revealed business ethics relate directly with satisfaction, trust and loyalty among private-banking customers.

Research in education is one of the most expansive areas of research and has the difficult and sensitive mission of guiding educational practice. As such, it is based on certain ethical principles that must be followed in order for the findings acquire legitimacy. However if these principles are not known or not explained, their use can certainly be in doubt. the research method is descriptive, Documentation and analytic; with reference to well-known authoritative sources to define ethics codes in educational research. The purpose of this paper is to clarify some of these principles in order to pave the way for their usage in Iranian educational research. Such principles are related to three inter-related sets of values: human values, educational values, and individual values. Educational researchers play an important role in advocating these values as they are educators as well researchers.

Food security is one of the most vital constituents of human security. The objective of the present study was to evaluate simultaneous access to food security and bioethics in sustainable agriculture. In the last decades, it seems that human in relation with nature, has ignored ecological and ethical aspects and disregarded the nature. Therefore, Sustainable agriculture will not fulfill its prophecy to provide food security unless there is respect for ethical aspects in this way. Contrastingly, conventional agriculture, by anthropocentric point of view, does not consider ethically any living beings except human and without respecting living beings’ intrinsic value. Organic agriculture is an approach in sustainable agriculture and has been emerged from a non-anthropocentric attitude. Results revealed that organic agriculture has faith in intrinsic value for nature and its living beings as a whole. It believes that human food security is related to preserve nature’s integrity thereby preserving integrity of the nature is depended to respecting its ethical value. The fact is, considering bioethics in sustainable agriculture and ideal production is not divergent but also bioethics is a vital commitment in agriculture to achieve global food security.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the role and importance of ethical standards in scientific research. In recent decades, science has been linked with economy which causes some concerns for scientists. Because based on this linkage, scientific research is governed by economic interests. In reaction to this concerns, scientific associations and universities advocate examination and teaching ethical issues and seek to enter ethical lessens in courses and research training.Most scholars like to explore truths and influence reformation and improvement human conditions and protection of natural environment. However, some scholars may seek to gain economic interests and social status. Therefore, some factors may interfere in their research results and applications and caused them invalid. Those researches that use funds of government or privacy sector may face with the financial and institutional pressures to produce certain results, and this may lead to be ignored the research integrity and caused error and bias in the research. This research uses documentary method as one of the conventional method in scientific research. Based on the aim of the study, texts and perspectives were examined, and then collected data and information were analyzed. Doing scientific research needs fund. This sometimes faces researchers with financial and institutional pressures to produce certain results. These pressures may lead to error and bias and ignore the ethical standards in the scientific research. So, each scientific discipline should provide a set of ethical rules to prevent such as problems.