مجله جستار های زبانی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، تابستان 1390)

The present paper is an attempt to investigate the methods of passivisation of Persian compound verbs on the one hand and, to introduce Jackendoff’s semantic theory; which is called Theory of Conceptual Semantics on the other. The purpose of introducing this theory is to check Persian data within the framework of this theory to see if the its foundations, as its founder claims, are universal and can justify Persian data or not. To do this, the semantic behaviors of 22 Persian compound verbs were examined when making them passive. There are two methods for the passivization of Persian compound verbs, namely syntactic and semantic. Since the Jackendoff’s semantic theory is unable to explain the unacceptability of grammatical sentences, because the approach it takes for semantic analysis is making semantic components salient, thus we will reason that if sentence is not considered as the unit of semantic analysis, the outputs of such analysis will not be correct.

This paper examines incongruity as one of the linguistic mechanisms of texts bearing humor. The main question is that what works these texts seems humorous. Humor has been studied from three different, but related, approaches: psychological, literarily and linguistic. The paper takes as two main factors generating humor. First, the problem, the question and the literature review are mentioned. Then it refers to inconguity from structural and functional levels with regard to some humorous texts in Zakani's Resale-e- Delgosha. On the structural level, it refers to words play (homonymy, homophony, homography, paronymy) and the kind of punning andits in Persian rhetoric. On the functional level, it refers to ambiguity/amphilboly and their functions. The results showed that incongruity in the form punning as well as ambiguity/amphilboly paves the way to make texts seem humorous.

Occupation of Palestine and Iraq’s invasion to Iran, as two enormous events of the twentieth century, overshadowed the lives of two lands. Meanwhile, literature- especially poetry-as one of the thinking areas of the Palestinians and Iranians, had witnessed a fundamental transformation. The poets of the two lands parallel to the enemy’s attack, showed resistance together with the combatants against the invasion of the enemy. “Smyh Alqasm” and “Hassan Hussein were two poems who left various worthwhile resistance poems. One indicator of this type of literature is the use of dramatic, symbolic and lyric contents. The present paper intends to investigate the reflection of changes caused by the onslaught of foreign enemies on the deployment of concepts and symbolic myths as well as the homology, differences, semantic developments and concept changes of these themes in the lyrics of Samyh Alqasem and Hassan Hosseini. The results indicated that both Samyh Alqasem and Hassan Hosseini have used symbolic and natural, human being, animal and place lyrics but symbolic and lyric meanings in the poets of Samyh enjoy more initiative, variety and extension.

This paper is an attempt to analyze the ergative constructions in Hawrami. Like other Kurdish dialects, Hawrami utilizes split ergativity only in the aorist constructions. Along with the process of Clitic Doubling, this dialect uses another mechanism for manifesting the ergative pattern. This rare mechanism is only found in Hawrami and not elsewhere in Kurdish. In the constructions, which are derived according to the second mechanism, the direct object and the subject undergo the processes of toplicalization and focusing, respectively. Hence, comparing to the other ergative constructions, which are derived on the basis of Clitic Doubling; these specific constructions bear a more marked semantic interpretation. The constituents of these marked ergative constructions follow a rigid order: the direct object appears at the beginning, the subject, which is always accompanied by Oblique case marker, gets the second position, and the final position is occupied by the past transitive verb. Making any slight change in this order would result in the ungrammaticality of the construction. The present paper, on the one hand, tries to describe the main characteristics of both marked and unmarked ergative constructions in Hawrami, and seeks to provide a theoretical account for the derivation of marked ergative constructions and their characteristics on the other. The proposed account is mainly based on the theoretical apparatus of Minimalist Program; especially the recently introduced notions of Split CP Hypothesis, Focus Phrase, and Topic Phrase.

Music is one of the effective factors in the global poem and literature. Particularly, if the poet’s work is composed based on the conscience truth and humanitarianism, and is far from any artificiality and artifice as well as is replete with various types of musical additives. Sadi Shirazi and Shamsuddin Kufi have made their odes more musical through selecting the two Tavil and Kamel meters (as the best models of expressing the man’s heartfelt feelings) and applying such various kinds of imagery as pun, symmetry, antithesis as well as appropriate words and the musical satire, in a accordance with the meaning and musical atmosphere of ode. The musical atmosphere of these two odes represents the increasing strangulation and the heavy atmosphere of Mugul attacks. In these two odes, the atmosphere is filled with anxiety, grief, internal blast, severity and violence, and one can observe these points in each rhythm of their ode letters. In addition to these advantages, Sheikh Shirazi’s being a non-Arab and the downfall governing the then Arab society following Mugul attack, have triggered some problems as the prosodic error of Esraf and Ejazeh in the music of these two worthwhile poets’ odes. An attempt has been made in this work to investigate the musical atmosphere of Sadi Shirazi and Shamsuddin Kufi’s odes through library research and by using structure analysis method.

Mystically language is one of the most important tools for expressing the mystical meanings. The language which the contemporary arab poets have well benefited from it. Abdol- Suboor is one of those poets who has met with the great heritage of Iranian Sufism. According to the poet, Attar’s and Rumi's works constitute part of his poetry. His ode “Remembrance of suffi bishr al hafi”, has been affected by the (Manteq at-tayr) of Attār, which is the story of allegorical and symbolic move toward self-perfection. He uses the mask method in this ode, so that, the ode is in motion, in an existential space towards the “pantheism” and “perfect man” and, finally, the form remains open without being finished. This research has used the method of comparative literature. By reviewing the similarities of the two works, it indicates that the ode “Remembrance of suffi Bishr al Hafi” has used the story theme of travel truth in the Attār's (Manteq at-tayr)

There are different ways in Russian language to express prohibition and caution. Choosing the suitable aspect of the verb (perfective or imperfective) in each of these structures shall be based on specific lexical and grammatical considerations that may change the semantics of sentences. Since the category of verbal aspect does not exist in Persian language (as in Russian), the Iranian students often find it hard to choose the right aspect of Russian verbs. This article attempts to provide a classification of different prohibitive and cautioning structures in Russian language and examine the role of verbal aspect in each of them in order to find the most appropriate lexical and grammatical structures that can express these semantics in Persian. The subject seems further promising due to this fact that some of these structures in both Russian and Persian languages do not use a negative imperative verb, rather they express the desired semantics through other syntactic methods.

This research has tried to define a new approach to translator’s role as intercultural mediator supported by the theories of Sapir and Whorf in anthropologies to find a right perception of interactional relation between language and cultural, which affects translator’s understanding of the reality. To achieve this, a Meta model was proposed that could help the mediator/translator to realize consciously the cultural reality hidden in the text in order to create a meaningful text, which is closer to the main concept of the source text.

Acknowledging the strengths of the national curriculum, the present study aimed at evaluating its approach towards foreign language education from three perspectives: (1) analyzing the foreign language section of the national curriculum based on the methodological and theoretical underpinnings, and its internal consistency; (2) examining its content based on the basic assumptions mentioned in the literature for setting foreign language policies and (3) evaluating its content based on the macro-documents of the country. In so doing, first, the relevant sections of the national curriculum were analyzed. The results indicated that, although the foreign language section of the national curriculum has some strengths such as a move toward decentralization and increase in hours of instruction, it suffers from some weaknesses such as vagueness of the content and lack of consistency and connection among the aims of the instruction. In order to examine the document from the second perspective, 6 criteria that foreign language education policies should follow were extracted from the relevant literature, and the document was evaluated based on these criteria. The results indicated both consistencies and inconsistencies between the content of the document with these principles. The national curriculum, then, was evaluated to find its matches and mismatches with the policies and orientations of macro-documents. The results indicated that the foreign language section of the national curriculum cannot set the ground for achieving the goals proposed in the macro-documents of the country. Finally, the paper offers some guidelines for developing national English language curriculum.