فهرست مطالب
فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال پانزدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 42، تابستان 1389)
- 104 صفحه، بهای روی جلد: 15,000ريال
- تاریخ انتشار: 1389/05/11
- تعداد عناوین: 8
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صفحه 5بحران انرژی و محیط زیست در آینده ای نزدیک با توجه به آهنگ رشد جمعیت فعلی، سهم انرژی های تجدید ناپذیر در ترازنامه سالیانه انرژی کشور و گسترش بی رویه آلاینده های زیست محیطی قطعی است، مگر آنکه تغییراتی سریع در شیوه ها صورت گیرد. یکی از این تغییر روش ها (در میان صدها روش دیگر) اصلاح ساخت و ساز به منظور کاهش اتلاف انرژی در برنامه های آتی کشور هاست. در روش های اصلاحی بایستی اجزا معماری در کانون دقت جزنگر معمار و هم کل نگر او قرار گیرند. با توجه به گستردگی بام نسبت به سایر اجزا پوسته خارجی، مطالعه عملکرد حرارتی آن گامی مهم در جهت دسترسی به راهکارهای مناسب کاهش اتلاف حرارت بنا محسوب می شود. از سوی دیگر عدم دسترسی به نمونه های اجرا شده تکنیک های مختلف، پژوهشگر را به سمت شبیه سازی کامپیوتری به عنوان روشی جایگزین برای عملیات میدانی، رهنمون می کند. محیط مجازی، اقلیمی مشابه اقلیم مورد نظر را ایجاد کرده و نتایج لازم را فراهم می آورد. مقاله حاضر نتیجه شبیه سازی اینچنینی برای بام تحت نرم افزار RSPT وDesign builder است که برای گزینه های مختلف بام در اقلیم شهر تهران صورت گرفته و حاوی تغییرات دقیق دما در طی ساعات ماه های مختلف است. این اطلاعات می توانند داده هایی تعیین کننده در جهت طراحی مناسب در تهران محسوب گردند.
کلیدواژگان: بام، ساختمان، شبیه سازی، دما، انرژی، محیط زیست -
صفحه 13سینما به عنوان یک رسانه جمعی تاثیر گذار، دائما در حال بازنمایی فضاها، محیط ها، رویدادها، نمادها و نشانه هاست که به صورت مستمر و پیوسته در حال آموزش، یادآوری و یا تجسم های واقعی برای مخاطبین خود است. هدف این مقاله، مروری بر چگونگی و نوع نگاه سینمای ایران به فضاهای شهری و نحوه بازنمایی آن در طی بیست سال گذشته است. این شناخت سبب خواهد شد تا فضای شهری که به مخاطبان ارائه می شود، شناسایی و با شناخت نقاط قوت و ضعف آنها، نه تنها رهنمودهایی در زمینه طراحی شهری ارائه شود، بلکه سواد بصری و ادراکی مردم و در نتیجه توقع آنان از محیط شهری ارتقا یابد. روش مورد استفاده در این تحقیق، روش کیفی است و از تکنیک های دلفی و تحلیل محتوا استفاده شده است. یافته های مطالعه نشان می دهد که در فیلم های ایرانی نشان می دهد که در فیلم های ایرانی کمتر از فضاهای شهری استفاده شده و این استفاده بیشتر محدود به فضاهای تاریخی و یا فرهنگی بوده است. این امر حاصل فقر فضای شهری از یک سو و محدودیت های ساخت در فضای شهری از سوی دیگر می باشد. این تحقیق می تواند برای گروه های مختلف متخصصین شامل فیلمسازان و طراحان شهری و در عین حال بینندگان به عنوان بهره برداران نهایی دارای اهمیت ویژه باشد.
کلیدواژگان: سینما، فضای شهری، طراحی شهری، سینمای ایران، سینمای نوین ایران -
صفحه 25این روزها معماران و مدرسه های معماری ایران در معرض بازخواست مدیران، رسانه ها و و دلسوزانی هستند که معماری با هویت ایرانی و اسلامی را از آنان طلب می کنند. این مطالبه که گاه به صدور حکم و دستورالعمل برای تولید معماری مورد نظر نیز می انجامد، هرگز پاسخ روشنی از سوی معماران نداشته است. آنچه بسیاری از مخاطبان، معماری ایرانی و اسلامی اش می خوانند، نزد معماران چیزی نیست مگر تقلیدی سطحی از شکل و ظاهر گذشته ی معماری ایران. مقاله ابتدا نگاهی دارد به تقش مخاطبان در شکل گیری معماری معاصر ایران، از شاه قاجار که هوس بناهای فرنگی در سر داشت تا مخاطب امروزی که بنایی متفاوت و شگفت آور را طلب می کند. مقاله در میانه راه به کمک پژوهشی که در شناخت مخاطبان معماری در ایران انجام شده، میزان درک و آشنایی آنان را با مفهوم معماری و معماری فرهنگی مورد کنکاش قرار می دهد و درمی یابد که این آشنایی بسیار اندک و ناچیز است. نتیجه و نظریه حاصل از مقاله آن است که معماری فرهنگی حاصل نمی گردد مگر در جامعه ای فرهنگی که تشنه هنر و معماری ناب باشد. ایجاد این تشنگی بر عهده رسانه ها و متولیان آموزش عمومی و سیراب کردن جامعه به گردن معماران و مدرسه های معماری است.
کلیدواژگان: آموزش، معماری، مخاطب، آموزش همگانی، فرهنگ -
صفحه 37مفهوم طبیعت و چگونگی نگاه به آن در طول تاریخ از مفاهیم بنیادین در تفسیر هستی، علم و هنر بوده است، پیچیدگی مفهوم طبیعت، پژوهش درباره آن را به خصوص پس از تغییرات اساسی در زندگی دوران مدرن ضروری می سازد. پس از انقلاب صنعتی، انسان به روش ها و ابزارهای جدید دست یافت و در علوم، تکنولوژی و تولید پیشرفت کرد؛ در این مرحله زمانی طبیعت به عنوان مهمترین منبع مواد خام به صورت بی رویه مورد بهره برداری قرارگرفت، با کمبود منابع و آلودگی اکوسیستم و محیط زیست، توجه محافل مختلف علمی به موضوع «طبیعت» معطوف گردید؛ به گونه ای که امروزه حفظ محیط زیست و رسیدن به توسعه پایدار از موضوعات بنیادین جوامع علمی دنیا است. در همین راستا طراحی معماری نیز به عنوان هماهنگ کننده انسان، محیط و فضا در تعامل با طبیعت، رویکرد های مختلفی را اتخاذ کرده است. ازاین رو بررسی نسبت های معماری و طبیعت ضروری به نظر می رسد تا تعریفی مناسب از تمامیت طبیعت و مفهوم پایداری، در حوزه معماری به دست آید. پژوهش حاضر با بررسی مفهوم طبیعت در معماری و نسبت آن با محتوا، فرم و ماد? معماری تلاش می کند بستری مناسب برای تفسیر ارتباط اصیل میان این دو مهیا نموده و در نهایت الگویی برای توسعه این مفهوم و کیفیت ارتباط معماری و طبیعت ارائه نماید.
کلیدواژگان: ارتباط طبیعت و معماری، طبیعت، معماری، تاریخ تحول معماری -
شناسایی و ارزیابی فرآیند شکل گیری هویت در شهرهای جدید / مطالعه موردی: شهر جدید هشتگردصفحه 47مقاله حاضر به شناسایی و ارزیابی فرآیند شکل گیری هویت در شهرهای جدید می پردازد. فرآیند شکل گیری هویت شهر و به تبع آن شهر جدید، در قالب تعامل مداوم محیط و اجتماع در گذر زمان پی ریزی شده و قابل شناسایی است. بررسی های انجام شده حاکی از آن است که این فرآیند، علاوه بر اینکه با ابعادی نظیر خوانایی و تشخص، احساس تعلق و وابستگی، خاطره انگیزی و تعاملات اجتماعی مرتبط بوده و از آنها متاثر است، با مدت زمان سکونت و رضایت مندی از سکونت نیز، به ویژه در ارتباط با شهرهای جدید، دارای ارتباط معنادار است. نتایج تحقیق نشان دهنده آن است که با افزایش مدت زمان سکونت در شهر جدید هشتگرد، هویت شهر نیز ارتقاء می یابد. این در حالی است که با افزایش میزان رضایت مندی از سکونت نیز، هویت از نظر ساکنان وضعیت مناسب تری را به خود اختصاص می دهد. مطالعات پژوهش بیانگر آن است که هویت شهر جدید هشتگرد، که از آغاز ساخت و ساز و اسکان در آن بیش از 15 سال می گذرد، در وضعیت میان ضعیف (بد) و متوسط قرار دارد. در این میان، فاز اول شهر از این نظر، با وضعیت نزدیک به متوسط، دارای شرایط بهتری نسبت به فاز دوم و فاز سوم می باشد.
کلیدواژگان: فرآیند شکل گیری هویت، محیط، اجتماع، زمان، رضایت مندی، شهر جدید هشتگرد -
تاثیر طراحی در آسایش حرارتی فضای باز مجتمع های مسکونی / نمونه مورد مطالعه:فاز سه مجتمع مسکونی اکباتانصفحه 59فضای عمومی در زندگی امروزی در برگیرنده بخش عظیمی از فعالیت های روزمره است. یکی از مهمترین اصول طراحی آن، توجه به آسایش حرارتی به منظور ارتقای کیفیت فضا و جلب بیشتر رضایت کاربران است. به دلیل تفاوت های اقلیمی موجود در فضای باز و بسته، به روشی متفاوت جهت اندازه گیری آسایش حرارتی محیط های باز نیاز است؛ که از تلفیق شاخص «دمای متوسط تابشی» با ملاحظه تاثیر رطوبت، دما، تابش های مستقیم، غیر مستقیم و وزش باد و شاخص های مربوط به خصوصیات فردی کاربر نظیر جنسیت، سن، نوع فعالیت و پوشش، برای محاسبه «دمای معادل فیزیولوژیکی» به دست آمده است. تحقیق حاضر با هدف تبیین معیارهای طراحی موثر در آسایش حرارتی فضای باز عمومی در بخشی از مجتمع مسکونی اکباتان انجام گرفته است. در مرحله اول با روش شبیه سازی و برنامه های محاسباتی، میزان «دمای متوسط تابشی» نقاط منتخب سایت محاسبه و سپس آسایش حرارتی بر اساس «دمای معادل فیزیولوژیکی» برای گروه مشخص، در روزهای میانه فصول مختلف، برآورد شده است. در بخش نهایی با مقایسه «دمای معادل فیزیولوژیکی» و عوامل فیزیکی محیط شامل ضریب دید به آسمان، میزان سایه، فاصله تا ساختمان، معیارهای طراحی موثر در تحقق آسایش حرارتی شناسایی و پیشنهاداتی جهت ارتقای معماری فضاهای باز با رویکرد اقلیمی ارائه گردیده است.
کلیدواژگان: فضای باز مجتمع مسکونی، آسایش حرارتی، دمای متوسط انرژی تابشی، دمای معادل فیزیولوژیکی، انویمت -
تحلیل زمین مرجع اقدامات مدیریت شهری تهران در دوره 1372 - 1386 / بسوی یکپارچگی شهری یا تشدید شکاف فضاییصفحه 71ایجاد تعادل در مناطق مختلف شهر بااقدامات نوسازی شهری از اهداف اصلی سیاست های مدیریت شهری است. اما اقدامات نوسازانه بعضا منجر به پیامدهای معکوسی در تعادل بخشی به نواحی شهری می شوند. ارزیابی چنین پیامدهایی مستلزم بررسی های دقیق تر ابعاد دیگر مداخلات نوسازانه مدیریت شهری است که سابقه روشمند و مدونی در کلانشهر تهران ندارد. گشودن زوایای مغفول این موضوع انگیزه نوشته حاضراست. مناطق مختلف شهرتهران از زمان توسعه های اولیه بنا به مختصات طبیعی از تفاوت های اجتماعی-اقتصادی در شمال مرفه و جنوب فقیر برخوردارشد. طرح جامع 1347نیز آن را تعدیل نکرد. پس ازانقلاب تعادل مناطق شهری تهران مدنظربود با جنگ محقق نشد. با پایان جنگ، نوسازی مناطق قطب بندی شده شمال وجنوب تهران ازدهه هفتاد با انتصاب کرباسچی به شهرداری آغازشد. اقدامات شهرداری باسیاستهای بحث انگیزکسب استقلال مالی برای شهرداری با «تراکم فروشی» دنبال شد. هرچند این اقدامات چهره تهران را متحول نموده اما این سوال وجود دارد که آیا مناطق شهری تهران متعادلتر شده یا شکاف فضایی تشدید یافته؟ این مقاله آثارسیاست های نوسازی دوره 1386-1372را با شاخص های نشانگرسرمایه گذاری وتغییرات قیمت مسکن بررسی می کند. تحلیل های زمین- مرجع عواقب سیاست های مدیریت شهری این دوره نشان ازعدم تعدیل و بعضا تشدید جدایی گزینی فضایی درمناطق شمال و جنوب تهران دارد.
کلیدواژگان: مدیریت شهری، شکاف فضایی، نوسازی شهری، تراکم فروشی، شهرداری تهران -
سنجش کیفیت پیاده راه های شهری در ایران / نمونه موردی: پیاده راه صف (سپهسالار) تهرانصفحه 83باتوجه به شکل گیری گام های نخست در طراحی پیاده راه های شهری در ایران، این مقاله سعی دارد به دنبال سنجش کیفیت پیاده راه صف به عنوان نخستین پیاده راه تهران، چارچوب سنجش کیفیت پیاده راه های شهری در ایران را مهیا و از سوی دیگر زمینه ارتقا کیفیت آنها و استفاده مثبت در تجارب بعدی را فراهم آورد. در این راستا بر مبنای مقایسه تطبیقی نظرات متخصصین در حوزه کیفیت، بررسی تجارب جهانی و همچنین تحلیل وضع موجود پیاده راه صف به تدوین مدل ویژه سنجش کیفیت در این پیاده راه می پردازد. بر مبنای این مدل پرسشنامه و چک لیست ارزیابی تدوین گردیده است. پرسشنامه و مصاحبه، ناظر بر برداشت کیفیت هایی است که در ارتباط مستقیم با مخاطب پیاده راه بوده و چک لیست ارزیابی جهت برداشت کیفیت های بصری توسط نگارندگان مورد استفاده قرارگرفته است. نتایج تلفیق نظرات کاربران و چک لیست ارزیابی نشان می دهد که از 11 مولفه اصلی سازنده کیفیت در پیاده راه صف، 7 مولفه تنوع، انعطاف پذیری، پاکیزگی، خوانایی، فرم و کالبد، سرزندگی و هویت در رده کیفی کم و خیلی کم،3 مولفه کارایی، آسایش، تمایز و تشخیص در رده کیفی متوسط رو به پایین و مولفه دسترسی و نفوذپذیری در رده کیفی زیاد قرار می گیرند.
کلیدواژگان: پیاده راه، سنجش کیفیت، معیارهای کیفیت، پیاده راه صف (سپهسالار)
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Page 5Considering current population rate and ratio of non renewable energies in countrie's annual energy diagram which lead to increase of pollutions reeked from and irreparable effects on living environment, there will be an energy and living environment crisis in close future. So there are two main approaches that should be considered in countrie's future program: change of construction status in order to having decrease in energy wastage and replacing fossil fuels with renewable energies. Roof is one of the building's components that most of the time is ignored by designers. The only factor that is considered in roofs design is how to make them waterproof. Whereas building’s roof is one of the most extensive surfaces of buildings external layer which contributes directly in thermal exchanges, study of its thermal function is an important term for making appropriate solutions in decreasing building's total thermal wastage. Because of not having access to constructed models of various roof techniques in our country, computer-based simulation can be an alternative method which creates virtual environment that has specifics of chosen climate. In this way all necessary results can be obtained. Simulation software has no limitation of place or time. For cities that are not considered in software, needed data can be added later by user and then simulation and its results can be obtained in a short time. This article is about a computer-based simulation that is done with Design Builder and RSPT software for various roof selections in Tehran climate. RSPT is software that is designed for a book of Roof Cooling Techniques and Design Builder has a simulation motor as same as Energy Plus but simulation in this software can be done in a visual environment that is more user friendly than Energy plus. Its results are available both in numeric or diagram modes. Weather data for city of Tehran exported from Meteonorm6. After including basic data for building body and city climate in software, complete and detailed results for building temperature were obtained which show detailed changes in hourly data for one year period. Results are in diagrams. Each diagram has two curves, one for outside dry bulb temperature and the other for average internal temperature. Techniques chosen for these simulations are simple roof, double shell roof, air radiator roof, roof pond and green roof (extensive and intensive) that replaced in a detached room which is 5×4 meter. In order to having a model with minimum variables, in all alternatives walls were fixed. There isn’t any air condition in models because these systems need a set point that complicates the results and covers the main effects of changes. Each roof has a specified effect on cooling or heating load. After drawing diagram of Tehran's annual average temperature and then considering it in relation to maximum and minimum boundaries of thermal comfort temperatures, it would be clear that this climate needs thermal solutions for cold months. So we can choose green roof which had a noticeable effect on heating load in Tehran's climate.Keywords: Energy, Temperature, Simulation, Roof
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Page 13Urban design, being concerned with the quality of built environment, requires close interaction with other disciplines such as urban planning, environmental design and architecture as well as sociology, psychology, and economics. This is necessary in order to appropriately recognize and analyze different dimensions of existing problems and provide solutions to them and to improve the quality of the urban environment. One such discipline is cinema, which as a mass medium, constantly represents signs, symbols, events, spaces, and environments, to people and continually reveals, reminds, influences and educates its audience with the quality of the environment surrounding them and influences their expectations and their criteria for a better living condition. The relationship between city and cinema has been largely neglected in both films making and urban design. Yet the city plays a central but unaccredited role in a multitude of films. This article explores the central role of urban spaces in Modernist thought through a close examination of films using urban settings. The study concerns about the main tendencies in using urban spaces in Iranian cinema well as the features of urban space which are displayed. The study is also interested in the meanings and affective aspects of spaces as used to proceed with the story in movies. This paper explores these and other questions by examining the urban spaces selected and the way they are represented in films. Throughout, the paper reflects on the relationship between the films as a medium and the city as reality. It seeks to draw on the work of theorists and practitioners engaged in this issue. This is done through examining films in the context of urban design and development and particularly explores the contested social, cultural and political domain. This knowledge will allow the audience to identify and understand the strengths and weaknesses of presented urban spaces not only from an urban design perspective, but also for their capability to convey meaning from a film maker's point of view. This is ultimately to enhance the user's visual and conceptual understanding of public spaces. This in turn would increase people's expectation of the quality of the urban environment. This research can be useful for various groups of specialists, including urban designers and filmmakers as well as audiences. The study adopts a qualitative approach, applying Delphi and Content Analysis methods. Findings show that Iranian films have mainly used either historical or cultural urban spaces; however, usually both urban spaces are not strong enough to support the movie making industry. Another obstacle in using urban spaces in movies is the difficulty inherent in such an approach, which discourages filmmakers from using urban spaces more often in their movies. This research is a step forward in recognizing urban design status in cinema and the role the urban spaces play in conveying meanings and helping the film story to progress. In addition association of main and ideal meanings of public space in film will cause to promote perception and taste of observers. Through movies appropriate setting is created to represent well designed public spaces.Keywords: Urban Design, Iranian Cinema, Film, Urban Space
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Page 25Nowadays architects and architecture schools in Iran are pleaded to produce architecture with Iranian and Islamic identity by managers, media and those who care in general. These requisition which sometimes end up in architecture legislations and guidelines have never received any clear response on the side of architects. What most addressees identify as “Iranian” and “Islamic” architecture is nothing to architects but a simplistic imitation of the outer shape of ancient Iranian architecture. This article intends to review the role of addressees in the formation of Iran’s architecture, from Qajar kings who had a desire for European-style monuments to contemporary addressees who call for extravagant buildings. In this regard, comparison of traditional, modern and post modern era has been considered. In Traditional era, not only there was not architectural crisis, but also architectural crisis had no meaning. Crisis started when closed door of traditional society opened to other world which led to eliminate the proportion in society. In traditional era, architect and employer had similar culture, belief and manner; their needs and desires were the same and both of them follow the same life style. As a result, there was no difference between building which produced by architect and needs of addressee. In modern era, architecture was a professional and academic affair which was unreachable by the common people and addressee. As a result, architects were free to produce what they wanted. Architect determined what the addressees needed and the addressees were just undisputed consumer of their projects. In post modern era, there are not just architect who form people's environment, but addresses also want the portion from space design. Participation of addressees in design doesnt mean that they design like an architect, but employer's desire and taste directs the process of design. Halfway through the article, it will be investigated the extent of the knowledge of Iranian addressees from architecture, based on a research conducted accordingly, and will figure that it is limited and immature. Lack of knowledge from architecture causes wane of public taste; in the other word, addressees intend to the cheap architecture which less contain value of identity. Common people who generally – or at least- pass public education, have no regard for the genuine architecture and intimate living space; and sometimes wish foreign and strange architecture. This article consider the solution of contemporary architecture challenge and problem with this point of view that the architects and architecture schools are not sole cause of this crisis and the responsibility of architecture addresses should be investigated in process of creating building. We will conclude that cultural architecture will not be achieved unless in the cultural society that is yearning for pure art and architecture. Creating this yearning is up to media and those in charge of public education, while satisfying it is the job of architects and architecture schools. In the other word for bringing out the Iranian contemporary architecture from this crisis, two educational streams are essential: Educating architect and educating Addressees.Keywords: Culture, Education, Public Education, Architecture, Addressee
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Page 37Nature and the attitude towards nature have been two fundamental concepts historically used in interpretation of world, science and arts resulting to various definitions during different periods of human thought.Nature and the attitude towards nature have been two fundamental concepts historically used in interpretation of world, science and arts resulting to various definitions during different periods of human thought. Major changes in modern living have created a need for research about nature because of its inherent complexity. A study into the history of understanding nature indicates that it was earlier considered to be among metaphysical issues. However, it was replaced by a physical view with the passage of time. The metaphysical view belongs to pre-modern era and material and physical view belongs to modern era. The discovery of new ways and tools after industrial revolution has brought about advancements in science, technology and production leading to abusive exploitation of nature as the main source of raw materials. Depletion of resources along with ecosystem and environmental pollution has made nature once again the focus of attention in various scientific groups. Environmental protection has now become one of the main issues for sustainable development in scientific societies of the world. The implemented concept of sustainability was originally proposed as a theory in applied sciences and arts for relieving environmental crisis created during industrial and modern eras. Architectural design, as an instrument for integrating human, environment, and space, has adopted various environmentally friendly approaches in creating different types of spaces. Under the influence of dominant thoughts in the society, many of these approaches have proposed certain principles to fulfill objectives spelled out for sustainable architectural thinking. These principles are used to create architectural spaces which, in turn, make up various styles of sustainable architecture. It is necessary to examine the relationship between architecture and environment in an attempt to provide a proper definition for nature and the concept of sustainability in architectural field. The historical evolution of architecture has witnessed varied relationship between architecture and nature. The relationship among human, nature, and architecture has gained importance and has been researched extensively. However, the true relationship among these elements still remains unknown. Understanding nature as an important issue, providing a definition for the role of nature in architectural field, and the study into the relationship between human nature provide the characterization of the situation in the past and present. The clarification of the role of nature in architecture will create a new opportunity to examine architectural principles including content, form, and matter. This paper studies the role of nature in architecture by evaluating its elements. It attempts to provide a base for a suitable interpretation of the relationship between nature and architecture. It finally provides a model for improving the quality of this relationship.Keywords: History of Evolution of Architecture, Relationship between Nature, Architecture, Architecture, Nature
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Page 47This research considers the recognition and evaluation of Identity Formation Process in New Towns, with special reference to Hashtgerd New Town in Iran, located in some 65 kilometers distance on the west of Tehran, the capital. The construction of Hashtgerd New Town and people settlement was started in more than 15 years ago. The concept of city identity, its divisions and elements, explanation of the new towns identity formation process, and its related criteria are considered. The conceptual frameworks of these issues are also discussed. The research also provides a framework based on six key criteria for recognition and evaluation of the identity formation process in new towns. The findings of the study show that, the process of identity formation is founded on the basis of continuous interaction between Society and Environment over time. This process is related to various factors and influenced by them, including legibility and personification, belonging to place, memory and social interactions. In addition the study proves this process has a significant correlation with Time and Satisfaction of habitation too. The results show that, when the period of the settlement time in Hashtgerd New Town has increased, its identity has promoted. Furthermore, as the level of people satisfaction is increased, the new town identity is promoted. The research findings indicate that the level of identity criterion is between poor (bad) and moderate. However, this level in the first phase of this town is close to moderate status, meaning that it is better than the second phase (status between poor and moderate). The third phase of the town has a weak identity. The main reason for these different situations is related to the four mentioned criteria for evaluating and analyzing the process of identity formation in the three phases. The first phase of the new town has provided more suitable context for the above process, rather than the second and third phases. Since there is a positive and strong relation between settlement duration and people satisfaction with identity, it can be considered the different conditions and their effects of these two criteria on the mentioned aspects. Identity formation process in new towns requires time and opportunity. It is necessary to use strategic and effective plans. Identity formation process can be achieved through clear vision on important criteria, including legibility and personification, belonging to place, memory and social interactions, as well as residents’ satisfaction. Designing central points, symbols and specific spaces for social interactions, are necessary to improve new towns identity. Emphasizing only on housing production, consequently as dormitory places, is a key problem in new towns development. Provision of public facilities is the most important factor to accelerate identity formation process. There are challenges affecting the process of identity formation, needing other strategies to consider for mitigation and solving the problems.Keywords: Society, Environment, Time, Satisfaction, Hashtgerd New Town, Identity Formation Process
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Page 59The public spaces in our today’s lives involve many sorts of activities, and the design of such spaces requires a wide range of studies. One of the critical studies in our country, due to its climatic variety, is about the thermal comfort of public outdoor spaces. This article has been conducted to investigate about possible architecture and landscape architecture design measurements which could contribute to improve the outdoor thermal comfort in residential complexes. Thermal comfort in outdoor settings has received very little research attention. Most researches work concerning thermal comfort has been focused on indoor spaces. The outdoor thermal comfort is measured through the mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) and the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) index. Measuring the thermal differences between the indoor and outdoor spaces require different methods of investigation. In order to investigate the mean radiant temperature (MRT), one should know the air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and the direct or indirect radiation levels. On the other hand, in order to investigate about the physiological equivalent temperature (PET), one should know about the age, the gender, the type of clothing, and the type of activities in which the people are involved with. This paper investigates about the thermal comfort of six outdoor public spaces within the Ekbatan residential complex, Phase III, by applying ENVI-Met 4 software which is based on a three-dimensional and energy balance model. In the first stage of the investigation, by the use of simulation method, the mean radiant temperature, Tmrt, of six different locations were measured. Then, the thermal comfort of physiological equivalent temperature (PET), was calculated in those locations for a designated individual group during the middle days of the four seasons. In the final stage of the research, using a comparative method, the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) and the environmental physical factors, such as sky view factor (SVF), the level of shading, the distance between the outdoor space and the building were identified as major design criteria in order to improve the thermal comfort of those outdoor spaces. Analytical results show that there is a sensible correlation between growing sky view factors (SVF) and falling physiological equivalent temperature (PET). The findings of the research indicate that although the shadow of obstacles cause decrease of air temperature throughout the year, during the warm days of summer afternoons, the air temperature in shadows near the buildings increase due to the radiation of heat from the masonry obstacles. Hence designers should consider locating summer activities far from the buildings. Different shading levels and various shading patterns are suggested to let users to choose their preferred conditions. Chosen colors and materials of surrounded surfaces should absorb solar radiation slightly in order to avoid increasing mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) through reflected radiation from the surfaces. The location of the evening and morning activities are recommended to be placed near the buildings in the cold months in order to benefit from the transmitted heat through the inside spaces and buildings. The paper concludes with some suggestions about how to improve the thermal comfort of the outdoor spaces through the use of proper architectural design planning.Keywords: Thermal comfort, Outdoor spaces, ENVI, met, Residential complexes, Mean radiant temperature, Physiological equivalent temperature
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Page 71Establishing equilibrium in various regions of a town is normally considered to be the main aims of all municipalities and the urban governance policies of the related organizations. But in spite of the elementary goals of urban renewal policies, some of the urban renovation projects lead to inverse consequences like urban gentrification or spatial segregation in urban areas. For analyzing such impacts, it is necessary to consider the other aspects of urban interventions which are realized by urban governance actors. But there is not effective and analytical researches about this problematic in the case of Tehran metropolis. As a major aims of this article we would like to discus on the forgotten aspects of urban renewal action which Tehran municipality has done in Tehran during two precedent decades (since 1992). Right from the early development and renewal -during Naseroldin and Reza Shah reigns-, various regions of Tehran enjoyed some socio-economical privileged according to their good natural geological climate. The trend of the gap between the urban regions in the years sixties Before Islamic Revolution via Tehran first Comprehensive Plan was even accelerated and formed two obvious socio-spatial poles i.e. rich in the north and poor in the south and that was a potential motivation for social demonstrations against the political system of the country at the beginning of the Islamic Revolution. One of the main goals of revolution was the establishing equilibrium to Tehran urban regions. But due to the start of the imposed war (Iraq-Iran) that objective was omitted from the priorities. When the war ended, Tehran metropolis with two distinct and antagonist urban poles - rich in the north and poor in the south- needed serious urban renewal. So urban renewal of Tehran was the symbol of main goals of urban development in early years of ninety decade which was commenced by appointment of Gh-H. Karbaschi as Tehran mayor. Tehran municipality followed up some policies by controversy actions in order to achieve financial independency in municipality system. The innovate action of Tehran municipality was derogation of urbanism codes and rules by permitting to high density construction. The Municipality has done this action (so called “Tarakom-Foroushi / Density Sale”) by getting money from high density building constructor in the cadre of Construction Permit. The effects of the massive urban renovation activities in Tehran as a whole in post ninety decades were rarely evaluated by any quantitative indicators. So there are always inquiries about the outcome effects of such actions leading to some urban integration or intensifying the socio-spatial segregation in the north and the south of Tehran? This article analyses and evaluates such effects of a 15-year-period urban renovation in three urban governance periods i.e. “Karbaschi”, “First City Council” and “Second City Council” periods by some quantities indices that show approximately the level of investment and the price variation in houses and lands. This studies arises questions like whether in those periods we really achieved something toward urban renewal or just intensified the soci-spatial segregation? However the outlook of Tehran metropolis has been transformed but our geo-referential analyses and evaluation of the urban governance policies of those periods show spatial segregation and some traces of social polarization in the North and the South of Tehran metropolis.Keywords: Urban Governance, Tehran Municipality, Density, Sale for Construction (Tarakom, foroushi), Urban Renewal, Spatial
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Page 83Pedestrian streets as one type of urban public spaces have an important role in improving the quality of urban life. In Iran, Planning and designing of pedestrian streets is in its primary steps. In spite of starting this approach in Iran, and designing several pedestrian streets, there are still not organized studies about quality assessment of pedestrian streets. As a result, the Strength and weakness points of the initial experiences have not been utilized. This inattention to quality assessment have caused designing pedestrian streets to be limited to just vehicles traffic control and preliminary actions like paving; so that, special potentials of pedestrian streets for creating social, livable and dynamic public spaces have not been used. This article as one of the first organized studies about quality assessment of pedestrian streets in Iran tries to reach two main goals: First, introducing a framework for quality assessment of pedestrian streets in Iran, and second, creating a context for improving the quality of pedestrian streets and making use of further experiences. The main research methods are description and context analyzing. With respect to comparative analysis of ideas about quality, considering international and local case studies and analyzing existing condition of Saf Pedestrian Street, a particular model for quality assessment has been introduced. In this model, with the status quo in mind, main components and assessment criteria have been presented. On the basis of this model, questionnaire and checklist for assessment have been prepared. The questionnaire and interview have been used to assess qualities which are in direct contact with people and the checklist has been used for analyzing visual qualities by authors through observation. Some results of questionnaire and checklist show that 7 of 11 primary components, diversity, flexibility, cleanness, legibility and imaginably, identity, livability, form and physical setting are rated low and very low in quality degree. 3 components like efficiency, comfort and distinctiveness have medium and low quality degree and 1 component like access, linkage and permeability has high quality degree. Therefore, based on implemented analyzing process, Saf Pedestrian Street needs to be improved and these quality improvement priorities are determined based on presenting criteria. Adaption of final results with existing condition illustrates the shortage of services for satisfying user’s needs, inflexibility and impossibility of using spaces in various times, lack of facilities for different climatic conditions, lack of facilities such as water cooler, inappropriate designing of existing urban furniture like garbage cans, and creating pollution and unsuitable view, lack of visual attractions, neglecting disabled persons in designing entrances, shortage of benches and their undesirable designing, lack of vegetation, absence of special characters making it different from other streets, preventing people taking part in the space causing lack of affiliation, Lack of appropriate elements for leisure time and lack of exhilaration in the space. On the other hand, these results presents high access and permeability, high safety, less sound pollution and more relief, comfortable movement along the way due to suitable pavement and economic efficiency, as the Strength points of Saf pedestrian street.Keywords: Quality Criteria, Saf Pedestrian Street, Pedestrian Streets, Quality Assessment