فصلنامه فقه و تاریخ تمدن
سال سوم شماره 12 (تابستان 1386)

Islam is the school of economy, not of economics. In Islam the economic activities are under control and have certain internal limitations, such as faith and morality, as well as some external restrictions, such as governmental and legal values and laws.Some economic activities inducing the reinforcement of injustice and oppression and preventing the fulfillment of the values in Islam and the social justice have been forbidden in the sacred creed of Islam including: selling weapons to the enemies of religion, whether by an atheist or by a Muslim; renting or leasing a house or an appartment or a vehicle… for using in a forbidden way or purpose; printing or publishing, preserving, and instruction distorting books, swindling, fraudery, or cheating in transactions; hoarding certain articles, as a result of which the legal governor has the right to force the hoarder to sell his goods and in some cases make him sell his things based on certain price. The prohibition of hoarding and storing things has no specific cases, but it covers all essentials and sustenances of the public.

The prophet of Islam (pbuh) used to establish prayers towards the Mosque of al-Aqsa, under the God's commandment for 17 years, but due to the reprimands and blames of jews as saying that his kebla and theirs were the same, and that he had no kebla other than theirs to establish prayers, God, through the revelation upon His Apostle, commanded him to stand facing the sacred Mosque and Kaba as his kebla when establishing prayers.The Mosque of al-Aqsa, the first kebla of Muslims, has a very long background dated back to David and Soleiman's Eras. Of course, by the Mosque of al-Aqsa we do not mean a limited area but a vast place, which according to the views of the three great religion's followers, i.e., Jews, Christians, and Muslims, is sacred and respectfulin certain aspects.According to historians at the Advent of Islam a musque was built in that area, situated near the Dome of the Rock.The sacred Mosque or the real and special kebla of Muslims, due to the house of kaba, which was built by Ibrahim and Ismaeil (a.s) under the God's commandments, was specially respected and dignified before God and the whole creation, in particular, because it was located at the birthplace and appointment site of the Holy Prophet of Islam and due to its very long history. This mosque has undergone many changes during different Islamic periods and has received additional parts and areas.

One of the famous women at the Advent of Islam was a lady called Umme Iman (Mother of security). She was the nurse of the Prophet (pbuh) throughout his life- time. Her active presence in various military scenes including Uhud, and her function in terms of the eyewitness of Fadak is one of the cases that calls for a careful observation on her life.This paper seeks to answer some of the questions such as: about her age? on her relationship with the prophet (pbuh), her function as an eyewitness of Fadack in favor of Holy Zahra (a.s), and her relationships with, Umar, Abubakr and Ali, and finally, to elucidate some of the ambiguities concerning these cases.

This paper is an attempt to study the status of light science both in the past and present times:The Pre- Islamic period or the early civilizations epochs, especially that of Greece, as well as the investigation on the light theories and its celebrities in Greek and Alexanderian schools.Post- Islamic era or the transitional light science periods along with other disciplines by means of the translation movement and its effect and growth in the world of Islam and the development of revolution in this area of knowledge by the Muslim scientist, Ibne Maytham, whose significant views and theories. are seen in the constant quotations in Medival Europe.

The Era of Qazali (during the late 5th c. and early 6th c) was the time of victory in theology and narrative disciplines as well as the predomination of the Ishaera and the Ancients (Qudama) against the Moatazeleh and the khoredists.As Qazali himself was one of the most eminent Islamic scientists, he had mastered philosophy and logic well in order that he could reject the above disciplines. He challenged seriously philosophy and mathematical disciplines in his important books such as: Al- Munqez-o- Men- al- zalal, Maqased – al- Falasepheh (Destinations of philosophers), and Tuhafat- al- Falasepheh (Gifts of the philosophers).Thus, this paper is an attempt to introduce these three books briefly while proving the fact that Qazali's thoughts and outlooks dominated his contemporary disciplines.

The term and etymology in the glorious Quran is as old as the compilation and edition as well as the interpretation of this last divine and celesstial revelation. Therefore, the understanding, translating and the interpretation of the Holy Quran really depends upon it. The ancients and traditionalists considered the etymology of the glorious Quaan as part of the Quranic and Divine sciences.The present article includes some points in terms of the Quranic terminology of Kawthar and its status in the totality of the survey of Gnostic knowledge and linguistics as well as the Quran itself. The term kawthar can be classified into two types: histororical and descriptive terminology.

At present time, the political system of democracy is shaped by the public political cooperation. Wisdom dictatates the necessity of the existence of governments for communities.One of the characteristics of a political school of Islam in relation with other schools is to provide a background for the participation of different classes of people in all aspects of important decision- making and policy- making. For the Islamic injunctions and principles survive till Resurrection and are valid to be followed and carried out. So the exerting of the Islamic principles is not possible but through the Islamic government based upon the Islamic laws.The political cooperation which enables man to apply his own determination to participate in the community management is every individual's right, on the other hand, it is a legal duty for every Muslim individual to enter this cooperation to be watchful over the attitudes and behaviors of rulers, so that they should execute the divine laws properly and perfectly. But if Muslim individuals are careless of their Islamic duties concerning their watchfulness over their society, they might cause chaos and disorder to occur.As a result, the chaotic society prevents the governors to exert the divine laws properly and efficiently.

Abu Mekhnaf is one of the earliest men who proceeded to write on karbala Events. He wrote a book entitled'' the Murder place of Al-Hussain''. He was from kufa and had some relations with those who had either observed the events them selves or heard them from their own fathers and from their elders.Thus, this book benefited from a great significance and reputation. Several copies have remained from'' the execution place of Al-Hussain'' in manuscript or in print, but they cannot be attributed to him due to some differences among these copies and other historian's works that have made use of thise books.Hesitation on the validity of the attribution of this work to Aby Mekhnaf provoked the contemporary historians to select the collection of this book from among the former historian's books, They proceeded to put this collection in access of the readers as the truest murder version and narration.