فصلنامه فقه و تاریخ تمدن
سال دوم شماره 9 (پاییز 1385)

The inheritance Laws in the Islamic equty system is organized according to justice and family social position of husband and wife. The criterion os not only being a woman or a man, but it is based on financial responsibility and position of the undertaking in the family life. The fact that some maintain that a woman, due to her sex, should have half the portion of a man is not true, but it is due to their carelessness.If these people examine the case more carefully, they will find out that acconding to the injunctions of inheritance, a woman,s part is more, and at times her portion may be double.

The function of the claim (loss) paying to the owners of blood following a murder resulting in blood- money payment is one of the arguments which is of great importance in Jurisprudence books as well as according to imposed laws. In certain cases, the Islamic magistrate or the public Treasury, as a responsible unit or party, is bound to pay the murdered blood-money.In this paper an attempt is nade to study the jurisprudencial responsibility of the Pubic Treasury to pay the money. It also seeks to exponent this question. The author observes that, in the first place, the responsibility of the public Treasury, in some cases, including act 236 of the Islamic Penalty law based on the concensous (general agreement) is blurred and critical. Secondly, according to different formal and normal social conditions of today in relation to the issued time of the various men-in-charge of the payment of blood-money including the Public Theasury, it is possible to replace some alternative approaches more compatible to the time condition.

The conquest of Andelous, with the presence of Muslims there for eight centuries, caused a great deal of cultural, scientifice, and economic sources to be left.Among these findings, Phamacology had a noticeable significance in which Muslims gained great achievements. Writing tens of collections of Pharmacopeia (pharmacological digests), adding hundreds of types of herbs to the pharmacological readers, sorting out different medicines, and comparing herbal, mineral and animal herbs with one another caused the phamacologists and druggists as well as the chemists in Andelous to travel to other Islamic lands, and to develop their areas of studies and their objective observations, and to translate the names of medicinal herbs into Persian, Barbaric, Arabic, Greek, and Spanish (Andelousian), to mention some of these medicinal improvements.This study is an attempt to investigate the pharmaceutical advancement in Andelous until Ibn-e-Beytar.

This paper seeks to study the jurisprudencial decree of refined sewage water. In the first part, an attempt is made to investigate the terms and concepts and the decree while explaining that a sewage is sewer that carries surplus or waste water to a specific area where it is refined and turned into pure water free from pollution and dirts.To understand the decree of the refined sewage water, it is required to know that the purpose of the decree is purification and rule condition and the practical decree to prove that according to this law, the water becomes refined to be free from filth and dirts.In the third part, the research makes an attept to study the verbal reason of validity (more supplementary reason) as a result of which if a small amount of untouchable water is added to a large amount of unusable. But if it is added to pure, clean water to exceed to the chore, this mix is pure and clean and usable. But to decree and to observe its effect on the decree of refined sewage water, it is impossible to make a desirable use of the proof.

Outskirt settlement is a phenomenon that appeared in most developing countries following the structural changes and socio-economic issues such as rapid city-lodging process and disruptive rural migration. Thes city problem has not purely been physical, but it is due to some large-scale city structure at the national and territorial level.This paper is an attempt to investigate the attitude of the youth concerning the social deviations and distortions during 1384 while considering a comparative socio-economic structure of some outskirt dwellers around Mashad as well as its downtown area,Social structural theories indicate that socio-economic powers of central districts act in the direction of the destnuction of marginal areas while most of their inhabitants are included among the criminal behavioural patterns of society. These theories prove te existence of the uncontrolled adolescent and yound groups, and the rate of evil crimes and socill disruption and recalcitrance sithin these areas as the major social issues.It is believed that this outskirt socio-economic structure provides an atmosphere for the growth of social deviations and aberrations. The mor care is taken of this mar decrease in the structure of virtual opportunities (i.e., socio-economic aspects of life) in the outskirt district, in comparison with the city-center area, the more increase in social corruptions, especially among the young is seen.

The historical study of the term "religious authority (Marjaieyyat)" has occupied the minds of each scholar since long ago, with the fact that whether in the field of science and technology, Ijtihad has also caught up with the scope and advancement of technology, and whether with the development of science, it has been able to answer the posed questions, or it is still at the infancy of taking steps to remove some doubis (the blockage of Ijtihad).Fortunately, Imam Khomaini himself (R.A.), as the banner bearer of this heavy responsibility, through a wide chest, with his clear and expilicit words, and through appealing to the knowledge of secondary legal injunctions, was able to create a great revolution in the field of Ijtihad through presenting detailed proofs and through gaining inspirations from the Quranic verses, traditions and versions based on the role of time and space.This paper is an attempt to present certain practical approaches involved in the creation of Neo-concept and speculation in Ijtihad as well as the Islam's method in posing jurisprudencial matters and, therefore, in arriving at certain beneficial results. The paper also investigates the relationship between religious authority and auardianship.

The admirable conduct and manner of the Holy Prophet of Islam (pbuh), which is the best example for the public, merits considerations in various aspects, and it is a means of benefit and salvation for the followers of that great beloved figure.As he was commanded in the Holy Quran to consider remission and forgiveness, this paper seeks to study some of his forgiving acts while intentionally it quotes some ancient precious sources of the Sunnites. It is hoped that the present article should be a response against some iniquitous judgements.

The Fatemids is one of the geverments that ruled over the Islam World in 297 L.H., and that they announced their independent kingdom from the Abasid Government in North Africa.They ruled about 270 years and developed their own lands through the occupation of Egypt in 358 L.H. Their rule was of two sides like other Islamic governments. Politcially, they were always involved in problems to maintain their own brightness and greatness, but scientifically, they could present one of the brightest Islamic periods in arts into the world. They occupied a leading position in architecture, glasswork, paintings, and ivorywork. They also made a revolution in minting coins. (mintage).Their excessive ceremonial acts at the court were mostly paid attention to decorative arts. To indicate that they are real caliphates in the world of Islam, they emphasized greatly on the development of arts.