فصلنامه فقه و تاریخ تمدن
سال دوم شماره 7 (بهار و تابستان 1385)

Puberty means ripening, adolescence refers to the ability to rise up to do good and rightness to oneself.The signs of puberty in boys (young men) based on jurisprudential consensus are as follows.1) the sperm discharge during sleep or awakeness2) the growth of coarse hair upon certain genital areas3) being fifteen years oldBut these signs with girls (young women) are as follows:1) the sperm discharge while asleep or awake2) the growth of coarse hair upon certain genital areas3) being nine years old4) experiencing menstruation5) getting pregnantPuberty is a natural phenomenon at a certain age according to circumstances. Climates, jobs as well as personal qualities. Attaining this time, the individual has certain religious obligations to perform.An adolescent (Intellectal Mature) is a person who has the ability to deliberate upon his/ her own affairs in such a way that he/ she must not waste or spoil his/ her own property, or else, the person has no right to possess his/ her own property either as a child or as an idiot.This paper seeks to differenciate puberty and adolescence mentioning that the former has its own mentioned apparent signs, while the latter might start with the former's signs or follow them, and that through the appearance of the former, the individual has the latter, the person can own his/ her own properties, if not. he/ she is not allowed to possess them.

One of the important principles concerning the Islamic Penalty law is the jurisprudential Rule of "Jubb" dealing with the atheist and his/ her past actions. On the basis of this law, having converted into the pure religion of Islam, the atheists receive the Divine Appreciation, so that their evil acts will be glossed over and their criminal acts and punishments, during the time of atheism, are removed and forgiven, and there is no blame on them due to their past guilts. But the question is that whether their previous acts, before conversion into Islam, become void or their contracts during the time of their atheism, in genral, turn to be nothing or of no bad effect or there might be some exceptions?This article is an attempt to axplain the position of this fact and to identify some inclusive or non-inclusive cases by certain reasons and proofs.

This paper intends to investigate the status of philosophy and principles as well as the necessity and non-necessity of having knowledge of philosophy to reason the jurisprudential and legal injunctions.Although some jurisprudents and fundamatalists proceeded to teach and study about philosophy during the history of lslamic sciences, and even though they sometimes posed some fundamental and jurisprudential questions during their philosophical subjects, in general, the viewpoints of jurisprudents and fundamentalists and lslamic theologians concerning philosophy and philosophers have not been desirable.According to the works of Martyr Sadre, since Mulla Sadra of Shiraz the philosophical problems have been included in fundamentalism.In the following periods some Jurisconsults such as the possessor of the codes of law, the possessor of chapters, Sheikh Ansari, and particularly the possessor of sufficiency (Kefayah), Muhaghegh Khorassani and his apostle, Ayatollah Company, have had a great contribution to the inclusion of philosophical questions (including: demand and determination period, the four-- worlds etc.) to jurisprudence and principles and concepts. As jurisprudential problems have credits, being dependent upon the prevailing principles in philosophy on these concerns have not been accepted and for the absence of relationship between philosophical arguments and the reasoning of injunctions, the omission or at least, their extracting from jurisprudence and principles seem to be necessary.

Two of the modern manners of birth plan are different views on their jurisprudential decrees.This paper seeks to prove the fact that the only jurisprudential sanctity of this act is appealing to the principle of "Liberterianism" (Abaha). Then some reasons are proposed concerning the absence of the principle of liberterianism and the Decree on the prohibition including appealing to the Quranic verses, traditions, and Hadiths, the necessity of blood- money, and the prohibition with respect to the injury to the soul. No doubt, the concept of "NoLoss" (La Zarar) based on "Liberterianism Principle" is true. As a result, there is no need to apply the operation of "Vasectomy" and "Tubectomy", except in necessary cases.

Different governments appeared during the Islamic periods, but disappeared soon after a short time. Egypt, in the north of Africa, is one of the countries that has witnessed many governments and rulers, some of whom have left some positive and negative traces behind.This paper is an attempt to recount some of the phrases on these scientific, cultural effects of the two Turk- raced Muslim rulers in Egypt. These two governors ruled over this country for a short while, but their governments occurred when Christian Europe had drowned in savagery during the Middle Ages. Significant works, in different areas of human knowledge such as arts, architecture, and sciences, have been left behind.

Yalda (the longest night) is derived from a Syrian term meaning birth. Ancient Iranians considered this night as the night of Mehr's goddess (goddess of the Sun) or Mitra. Several thousand years ago, they found that the calendar based on the moon could not be true or dependable. Then they proceeded to study about the sun. So they based their calendar on the sun and learned that the thirtieth night of the Month of Azar was the longest night of the year, after which the days began to grow longer. This night, coinciding Mehr's birthday, was celebrated to honor the victory of Mehr (the sun) over the Ahriman (devil) of darkness.The worship of Mitra goddess in Rome seems to have been taken from Mehrism (solarism) in Iran, even though some scholars are uncertain of the fact that the creed of Mitraism has been the same eastern Mehrism. In this way, the belief in the worship of Mitra came into existence as a Syrian creed in different areas of Roman Emperor. And according to the belief that Mitra's birthday took place on the longest night of the year (Yalda), This night was glorified and celebrated.During the 4- th century, with the victory of Christianity, the Mitraism Creed was defeated by Christianity. But most of its traditions were transferred to Christianity, including the night of Mehr's birthday, Since the date of Christ's birthday was unclear, Was accepted as Christ's birthday by the church. As a result, this time it was determined as the origin of Christian calendar as well as the annual feasts and celebrations.

Thanksgiving means the remembrance of the benefits and the Benefactor, through the tongue and heart, which has been used as related terms in 73 verses, six verses of which have been attributed to God (thanksgiver and thanksreceiver), and the rest of the applied words (in the form of the doer, exaggeration, past and future and imperative moods) have been attributed to non-God benefactors in which there are different subjects used for rendering thanks to God.According to the Quranic verses, thanksgiving is a success that the compassionate God has provided its possibilities for mankind, so that man himself might enjoy the benefits of his own gratitude (whether materially or spiritually such as maintaining and increasing the existing gifts and their blessings and getting rid of this world and the next world's chastisements).Therefore, man should resist against the devil's temptations that prevent him from giving thanks to his own Benefactor.

The relationship between jurisdiction and manifest general, and particular is absolute. Every jurisdiction is a manifest but every manifest is not jurisdiction. There is a manifest in the legal jurisdiction which arises from the predominance, but in judicial jurisdiction there is a manifest which has not come from predominance, but it originates from the context cooperation conditions and circumstances. There are also some manifestations which are considered neither as judicial jurisdiction nor as legal jurisdictions. Sometimes the mentioned manifest confronts with the origin (association acquittance nothingness or annihilation…)In relation to hostility, if the legal jurisdiction and the judicial one are available, the job of judgement is easy, but if these judicial ones are available, the job of judgement is easy, but if these two are absent in case of a manifest arises from the predominance, and if it is opposing with the existing origin, which one is preferable?In current laws of the country, there is no clear criterion or trend to prefer the manifest to origin (source) or vice versa; yet according to conditions and circumstances as well as evidences one of them should be preferred.

The Muslim commercial (trade) ports, through the passage of time, have played an important role in the economic exchanges and progress in the world. But some of these ports have benefited from more fame in comparison whith others.Port Siraf is one of the ports that has acquired more credit and a particular significance during several centuries.This paper seeks to study the geographical. economic, social, and cultural status of this portal city of siraf in order to clarify the reason for its reputation as well as its decline and its growing obsolete and forsaken.