فصلنامه تاریخ
پیاپی 10 (پاییز 1387)

The relationship between Sultan Mohammad Kharazmshah and Abbasid Caliphs has been one of the basic events of Kharazmshahian Dynasty because many problems occurred with respect to the viewpoints of the caliph to Kharazmshahian dynasty. The first relationship between Abbasid Caliphs and Kharazmshahian started in Atsez’s reign and it continued to the end of Kharazmshahian dynasty with the difference that in the initial period of the Kharazmshahian’s rule on Kharazm and some parts of Iran, they had friendly relationship with the Abbasid; however from the time of Takesh to the end of this dynasty in Iran, the serious clashes between the two institutes of caliphate and royal court, the relationship became hostile; leaving its unfavorable effects on both caliphate and royal reign. At the end of the reign of Sultan Mohammad Kharazmshah, he decided to overthrow the Abbasid caliph from the caliphate seat. This caused Kharazmshahian’s destruction in facing the Mongols’ evasions. This paper tries to use sources and study the viewpoints of the caliph, the encounter of the two ruling systems (caliphate and kingdom) and their impacts on the Kharazmshahid dynasty.

Research in Mirza Malkom Khan’s works,and exploring his political and reformist ideas cause a lot of surprise and astonishment.From one side,his religious beliefs was out of Islamic domain,and from other side,his executive and governmental occupations in ottoman and Farangestan didn’t allow him to belong to and think about Islamic politics.Yet,he had a close relationship with the king(Naser Aldin shah)and it is said that shah was a member of his Masonery loge.he was also accompanied shah in his foreign trips,and had a role in commerical-economic contracts such as Router,Tobacco,and lottery.Still when he had the opportunity to disseminate his ideas,he showed his creative genius.

Observing research rules,in the course of historical studies is among the most important factors in achieving historical facts and proposing new analyses.These principles represent a special framework,outraging these principles not only reduces the practical value of the research,but causes the researcher to base his analysis on false subjects.The more the researcher observes these priciples,the more the research is strong and innovative and would have suitable tactis for the present conflicts.Karbala΄s event is one of the historical event which in the course of time has been afflicted to distortions confliction,and misrepresentation.Expressing these principles,and adopting a critical view,some examples of these mistakes are mentioned.For example,mentioning one of the murderes of Imam Hossein called Abu Aljonub,or naming Suleyman Ibn uff,the murderer of one of Imamsdeciples,amonk Karbala΄s martyrs is of these kind of mistakes.

Shah Isma,il I of Safavi(907-930 A.H) came on the throne in Tabriz and announced the Shi,ism of Ithna Ashari as official religion. Shah Isma,ils, ancestors believed to Sonnah and they were Spiritual Guide of Safavi,s Order. Shah Isma,il withdrew from his ancestors, religion and propagandized Shi,ism seriously. Karkia Mirza Ali the governor of Lahijan has essential role on attracting him to Shi,ism. This article studies circumstance of shaping of Shah Isma,il about Shi,ism in Lahijan.

The peresent research studies criticizes the historical sources writtings of Rustamian government.Rustamian were an Iranian Abazi Khavarej sect who ruled from 164-296(A.H) in Tahert in middle Maghreb.Their formation and expansion in Maghreb caused the emergency of numerous historical texts in Maghreb. Among these,biography and stratography had a special importance.Books such as ketab Alsire and Akhbar Alaemeh by Abou Zakaria Altabaghat Darjini,Javaher Almenghat by Brady and alsireh by Shamakhi were noticeable.An important portion of these works belong to the history of Rustamian.

Objectivity is considered a significant issue in the philosophy of history studies. It has seriously impressed philosophers and historians during recent centuries. Their contradictions over the issue have resulted in emerging different viewpoints. Any support or rejection of objectivity in history demands that history researchers answer a variety of questions in this respect. Since many philosophers as well as history researchers have enumerated objectivity as the most complicated and the most enigmatic topic in discussing the philosophy of history science, regrettably after years, history scholars still consider it a complicated issue. The present study attempts to investigate objectivity and the obstacles which prevent its access, adopting a refreshing and updated viewpoint.

After the Mongolian invasion of Asia Minor, dominated upon Rum Saljuqs goverment and Mu’in Al-Din Parvaneh were given as deputy on behalf of the mentioned region. On the other hand, Ilkhanids, Mongolian authority also were dispatched to the that area which has had extraordinary powers. Parvaneh families and any other of the Rum authorities such as the khatir’s brother were purpose based on reasons to resolve the forces evil of the Mongolian disposal from area, in starting their activities, asking for help from Sultan Zaher Mamluk that a Muslim king and the enemy was Ilkhanids. Asistance of Mamluk sultan with this affair, leading to collision and confrontation with the his forces in the Obolestan that Mu‘in Al-Din deceits and his colleagues, Failed Ilkhanid(Abaqa) Division during the Obolestan battle (at 676 H.Q). Whatever was portioned Rum statesmen were killed by Abaqa and dropped Parvaneh’s governorship. Instead, their work for the Muslim world was really valuable.