مجله مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی
پیاپی 3 (پاییز و زمستان 1385)

Functional study (in addition to structure and history) is one of the three dimentions of a phenomenon. Observing a phenomenon from a functional point of view and contemplating in them led to the functionalism school in scientific subjects. The background of this school arose from the social science of the west and then this thought was generalized to other sciences, especially the geography. This article tries that in addition to examining the concept of this school in geography and particularly rural geography. One of the important aspects of this study is that functional observation in rural studies help us to identify the actions and internal relations of these societies, besides understanding their mechanism of taking and leaving impression on the basis of regional and national aspects.

There have been more than 10000 Afghan immigrants in Zabol city for more than 25 years. The importance of this phenomenon required us to study its time, population influences and current and future consequences. This immigration has caused lots of problems for this city and this study aims at finding the problems and consequently providing effective solutions to the problems caused by this social- political phenomenon. This study is experimental using the common research designs in the field of geography.

The equiton and models presented in this research are considered to estimate peak discharge in non-hydrometric stream gauging station in drainage basin of Golestan River. Thus, following examing the all hydrometric stream- gauging stations, 3 stations have been selected which have essential condition for regional analyses. Then between amounts of discharge with different return period in the mentioned station and effective elements on flood in their upstream have been presented, relations and models using simple multiple regression method and logarithmic, selection that can be used for obtaining the amounts of discharge whith different retarn period (Qti) in sub-basins not having station or any other place. Studing the suggested models show that among other effective factors on flood, 3 factor of area (A), average of maximum daily rainfall (P24), and the percentage of area covered by forest (FVA), have more meaningfull impact on amounts of peak discharge in comparative other factors, in addition, coefficient of multiple determine of all models is about 1 and shows nearly 100% of (QTi) determined by 3 above variables.

With regards to the importance of soil erosion features map in watershedmanagement, and also country extent, diversity of climate, physiographic, geology, pedology, land use and plant cover, it is expectable the high difference with due attention to soil erosion types that is caused in different conditions differentiate to investigate erosion features. For investigating some method in providing erosion types map at the scales 1:250000 in mountainous regions, a study was conducted in Kan-Sologhan basin, north-west Tehran, Iran. At the first stage, from integration of data layers, four working units maps were prepared including: 1. geology, plant cover and slope, 2. geology, land use, slope, 3. rocks erodibility, land use and slope and 4. rocks erodibility, land use and land units. At the second phase, intensities of soil erosion types in 53 ground control points were controlled and accurate positions were registered by GPS. Each of working units map was overlayed by ground control points map. Results indicated that maps 1, 2 and approximately map 3, are no suitable methods for differentiating homogenous units, because the high numbers of working units beside together have same erosion features. It should be regarded that the high numbers of units from an economic regards were caused the high costs and time consuming. Map 4 including 6 units that two units, 66.6% and one unit, 85% of ground control points had same erosion. In other units including agriculture lands and rocks outcrops, approximately, erosion features were uniform in all points. In general, integration of land use, rocks erodibility and land units layers is the better method than other methods for providing soil erosion features map.

One of the must important elements in the comprehensive development in any region is undoubtedly the accessibility of the sweet water. Guilan located in southern coasts of the Caspian Sea and in norther of Alborz receiving various moist sources, is one of the densely rained areas in Iran. The presence of different rivers along with the height of the water table has caused the growth of economic activities dependent on water. So the abundant of water sources has stopped the officials to think of accessing new sources or adapting necessary measures and policies to rationalize the use of water sources. Increasing growth of population, lack of adequate instruments for job creation, traditional methods of using water sources along with unplanned development of agricultured area have caused different problems especially in recent years that precipitation were insufficient. This paper has tried to consider the role and place of the waters sources in the future planning of the State. The research methods is based on the descriptive statistical methods and analyze of the water sources.

Supply of public services in many of third-word megalopolises and developing countries is incomplete and undesired so that, reasons of this problem should be searched in the several factors such as, disproportional distribution, the lack attention to population thresholds, high concentration of population and so additive demand of services use, lack of suitable landand etc, meantime educational centers as one of the most supreme services is not excepted from this problem. Tehran as one of a megalopolis of developing countries, in services exposal in various fields is involved insufficiencies that it is because of lack or disproportional spatial distribution of educational centers and 15th district as a part of this frame, involved the same problems. The goal of this research is analysis of educational centers distribution method by GIS softwares, whether separately or to communication with other land uses with attention to mentioned standards in urban planning and education sources. Research results indicates that many of these centers in 15th district area with a view compatibility, desirability and capability are in suitable condition relatively but this centers distribution in ever division of district is not suitable connected with deserving to be educated people.

In this field, flood one of the most dangers disasters for people of many countries face it and is one of the most destroying disasters among 15 known natural climatology all over the world. For example, about 196 million people in over 90 countries are exposed to danger of flood water. The increase in the population and the shortage of agricultural lands led to human population movement to the flood water plains and this intensifies the danger of flood water and its effects. But nowadays, considering the destroying effects of flood water on the human societies, structural methods of protection against flood water such as flood water bands and other methods of controlling and directing flood water, can be efficient only when the design capacity of these structures is high. But when these structures break, always a remaining risk exists. In most cases, such structures may be improper or their execution may be impossible because of environmental reasons and therefore non-structural methods are needed. The flood water warning for directing of the remaining risk is necessary and it is one of the most efficient methods of non-structural methods for flood water management.

Tourism is one of the most important industries of today and a very profitable and developing one. Tourism affects all three sectors of economy, i.e. industry, agriculture and services directly. It is also very influential in a balance growth of incomes, providing healthy living environment, intellectual and sustainable development. During the recent century, tourism has found an extensive economic and social significance so that a large portion of economy in some countries is dependent on the foreign currency earned from tourism. Enjoying remarkable tourist attractions as compared with other countries of the world, Iran has the potential of huge earnings from this industry. Given the location and abundant natural and human resources as well as historical and religious attractions makes Ardebil city a unique city of exceptional capability for tourism. Proper policymaking and good strategy may contribute to the development of tourism thereby taking the first efficient step toward elimination of poverty and the economic- social development of the region. The present research tries to make use of the available case studies on Ardebil City, though very scarce, and to categorize the information on this City and to provide a relatively detailed study of tourism and tourist attractions in the region and to identity the development ways, bottlenecks and possibilities of this industry.