فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت (بهبود و تحول)
پیاپی 61 (زمستان 1388 و بهار 1389)

This article is the product of a research taken place in line with the goals of I.R. of Iran, stated in its vision document, in order for the country to reach the defined scientific position. As in the vision document has been put a lot of emphasis on scientific development of the country towards reaching the ultimate goal of acquiring the first scientific position in the region, there seems to be a necessity for special attention to scientific and R & D centers of the country and more specifically to the researchers and professionals of this section. On the other hand, acquiring the first economic position of the region is Iran’s other major goal, to be reached by the end of the vision period. For this to take place, it should be considered that economic prosperity of organizations in today’s highly competitive markets, is mostly dependent on the function of R&D centers and their activities; while these centers are heavily dependent on their labor, and considering the need of their labor for innovation and creativity, applying a correct leadership and management strategy seems tremendously effective in enhancing the workforce performance and speeding up the organizations’ progress. In this research, related studies carried out in other parts of the world, were investigated and the local characteristics of the country were also taken into consideration. This study is applicable and developing regarding its goal, and descriptive-survey regarding its method. Since it has tried to analyze the literature and information obtained from R &D centers to define the leadership strategies of researchers, it can be considered a descriptive survey; and since the results obtained, have been examined through the survey, we can consider it a survey study. This research was performed in the Niroo Research Institute (NRI) of Ministry of Energy, as one of the largest national research centers in Iran. The population of this study are the expert middle and high managers of this institute Additionally, the validity and reliability of all surveys have been evaluated and approved. Major results of this paper are the followings: determines appropriate strategies, and provides an integrated model for leadership of scientists strategies in R & D sections; provides effective parameters in determining the strategic position in the model. The results of this research, have also been evaluated and implemented in the NRI.

Organizational sustainability is the ability of an organization to retain or develop its performance in the long-term period and it is the result of stakeholder’s satisfaction during the time. Sustainability is related to the ability of organizations to monitor the opportunities, changes, trends and risks in their external environments and to make a balance between financial, economic, social and environmental goals of the organization in the long term. In this article, initially, the last model of organizational sustainability management proposed by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been introduced, then using a problem solving algorithm, and through a knowledge management approach, a model for assessment and improvement of the organizational sustainability is suggested. This model is based on the knowledge management of organizations’ environmental changes. To validate and prove the proposed model, the degree of sustainability in 52 governmental companies along with their holding structure and production nature were evaluated. The results revealed a high correlation between the ability of an organization to manage knowledge of its environmental changes and its degree of sustainability.

Experience of countries development and studies of international organizations such as the World Bank have proven that the business environment has a direct influence on entrepreneurship development. A discouraging environment can cause more problems to Small and medium sized enterprises than larger ones. Consequently paying attention to the business environment has been recently regarded as one of the prerequisites of entrepreneurship development. Meanwhile, to rank the countries’ business environments, various international reports are annually being published. The goal of this research is to assess Iran’s business environment, from the viewpoint of Iranian specialists. After reviewing various models, finally the World Bank's Doing Business model was chosen as our basis. Then, using a descriptive survey method, opinions of 101 specialists were collected and analyzed. The results indicate that Iran’s business environment is not suitable for investment; and these results are in accordance with the rankings of the World Bank and other models.

The objective of this research is to determine the impacts of Organizational Justice Perception on Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the Ports and Maritime Organization and Customs Administration of the Port Anzali– in state of Guilan. The basis of this research is on the analysis of how the Country's Services Management Law as an initiator of structural and social justice in the organizations under this law (excluding some instances enumerated by the legislator), affects the organizational citizenship behavior. This research is applicable regarding its goal. The method is deccriptive-analytic, and a questionnaire was used as the information collection tool. In this research, 186 out of 359 employees of Anzali's Ports & Maritime administration, and customs organization were selected to answer the questionnaires. The data analysis was done using SPSS program. In the analytical section, Anova and Duncan tests were performed. Contrary to the parallel researches held inside or outside of the country, maintaining organizational citizenship behavior is to some extent determined by distributive justice perception, the results of this research, show with 95% degree of confidence, no menangful impact of distributive justice perception on OCB; however, the influences on organizational citizenship behavior caused by some other dimensions, are similar to those of other researches; These dimensions are: perception of procedural justice, perception of interpersonal justice & perception of informational justice. The conclusion is that organizational citizenship behavior is a kind of voluntary behavior and is mostly influenced by the supervisor's thoughts and way of behavior, and also the organization's plans and policies.

Phenomenography is a qualitative research method that is situated within interpretative paradigm. It was developed in Gothenburg University, Sweden, in 1970s and its objective is to achieve a deep understanding of various perceptions of a phenomenon by different people. Fundamentals of this method are based on the issue that different individuals can have different perceptions or experiences from a single phenomenon. Phenomenography attains and categorizes these experiences, benefitting from individual interviews as data gathering instrument. The results of a phenomenography research are some limited descriptive categories so that each of these categories represents a separate concept of a certain phenomenon perceived by a certain group of individuals. In addition, for presenting general and multiple concepts of a phenomenon, phenomenographers relate these descriptive categories within a larger framework which is called “outcome space”. Hence, the results of phenomenography studies are useful in deep understanding of the concept of a phenomenon, from a certain group’s perspective.

One of the most principal elements in the success of any service or manufacturing organization is its customer satisfaction. The Post Company of Islamic Republic of Iran is not an exception to this rule. At the same time, it is somewhat impossible to evaluate the quality of postal services without identifying appropriate criteria. One of the most important attributes in evaluation of the postal quality is the transmission time – the amount of time it takes from reception of the item from the sender, until it is delivered to the recipient. This paper reports specification, feasibility and scope of a system proposed for the regular post, to continuously test the transmission times of posting the items.

As the power of the seller has shifted to the buyer today, organizations are realizing that competing with cheaper, better or different products is not sufficient, and competitive advantage cannot be achieved by differentiating products alone, but through enhanced customer relationship. At the same time, customers are experiencing low switching costs and could easily redirect their loyalty from one company to another. In this research, for CRM assessment, a CRM score card consisting of four parts (substructure, process, customer, and organization performance) was utilized. After identifying the CRM assessment factors, a questionnaire was applied to confirm the effectiveness of each factor in CRM assessment of Iran Khodro Company (IKCO), to be used in structured interviews with experts and managers; the results indicated verification of these factors. In the subsequent step, the present situation of IKCO in CRM implementation was evaluated with regard to the identified factors. Finally gap analysis was performed to identify the factors that created the gap between the present and desired situation. Identification of effective factors in CRM assessment, evaluation of the CRM present situation of IKCO, and gap analysis, are the most important outputs of this research.